INTRODUCTION: This study aims to evaluate the early outcomes of isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedures performed at a center that had temporarily suspended surgical services due to a shortage of surgical staff and later resumed operations.
METHODS: A total of 42 patients who underwent isolated on-pump CABG between January 2023 and February 2025 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic characteristics, preoperative risk factors, intraoperative variables, and early postoperative outcomes were evaluated using descriptive statistical methods.
RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 61.9±10.3 years, and 71.4% were male. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (31.0%), diabetes mellitus (38.1%), and chronic kidney disease (7.1%). The mean ejection fraction was 52.7%, and the mean body mass index was 26.3 kg/m². All patients underwent surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The mean CPB time was 67.9 minutes, and the cross-clamp time was 39.4 minutes. The average hospital stay was 8.2±3.9 days. Early postoperative complications included acute kidney injury (11.9%), new-onset atrial fibrillation (14.3%), respiratory failure (7.1%), stroke or transient ischemic attack (9.5%), wound infection (4.8%), and reoperation (11.9%). The early mortality rate was 7.1%.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The early outcomes of CABG surgeries performed in our reactivated center are within acceptable limits regarding complication rates. The findings suggest that the surgical program was successfully restructured and patient safety was maintained. However, further prospective studies with larger patient series are required for more robust evaluation of outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have multiple metabolic benefits, including reducing glycated hemoglobin, weight, and blood pressure. Additionally, there are strong renoprotective effects in selected populations. The aim of our study was to investigate changes in biochemical parameters, incidence of complications, and associated factors following SGLT2i use in elderly patients.
METHODS: The study population comprised patients aged 60 years and older who were treated with SGLT2i. The clinical and biochemical data were subjected to analysis at the baseline, six-month, and twelve-month marks following the commencement of treatment. The incidence of complications was evaluated.
RESULTS: A total of 64 patients were included in the analysis, with 54.7% of them being female and an average age of 66.8±5.6 years. Significant reductions in blood pressure, HbA1c, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and proteinuria were observed after treatment. Conversely, there was a notable increase in serum magnesium and phosphorus levels. The eGFR exhibited a decline of 3.7 mL/min at the six-month mark, which subsequently slowed to a decrease of 2.4 mL/min at the twelve-month interval. Four patients developed acute kidney injury (AKI), and seven patients experienced urinary tract infections (UTIs) after treatment. The most significant factor associated with the occurrence of side effects was identified as high CRP levels (OR: 1.261; p=0.024).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The findings of our study indicate that SGLT2i are effective in improving glycemic control, blood pressure, and proteinuria in elderly patients. It is noteworthy that patients with elevated CRP levels prior to treatment experienced a higher incidence of side effects, indicating that such patients may require closer monitoring.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess the influence of maternal feeding attitudes on the anthropometric measurements of children aged 2–6 years.
METHODS: Mothers of children aged 2–6 years who applied to the outpatient clinics of the Family Medicine Clinic at Health Sciences University Þiþli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital were included in this study. The children’s weight and height measurements were recorded, and the Sociodemographic Data Form was completed by the mothers. The Mother’s Attitudes Towards the Feeding Process Scale (MATFPS) was used to evaluate maternal feeding attitudes. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: The study included 159 participants. The mean age of the children was 44.93 months. The mean weight was 16.67 kg, and the mean height was 102.06 cm. There were 29 children (18.2%) whose weight percentile and 44 children (27.7%) whose height percentile were outside the normal range (<25th percentile or ≥97th percentile). When the relationship between children’s height and weight percentiles and the total MATFPS score was evaluated, a negative correlation was found between children’s height and weight and the total MATFPS score (r=-0.236, p=0.003; r=-0.299, p<0.001, respectively). Children with height and weight percentiles <25p had the highest scores in the total and subscales of the MATFPS, whereas children with height and weight percentiles ≥97p had the lowest scores in the total and subscales.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that maternal feeding attitudes have an impact on children’s weight percentiles. Specifically, as negative maternal feeding attitudes increased, a decrease in children’s weight was observed. Therefore, maternal feeding practices should always be assessed during primary care follow-up visits.

INTRODUCTION: This paper discusses the surgical outcomes and complications of the medial scar fish-tail brachioplasty technique used with UAL (LIPOSAVER, LHbiomed Co., Korea) and PAL (Microaire, USA) in treating Teimourian grade III to IV arm ptosis.
METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted using patient data and chart reviews from the authors’ private cosmetic practice. It focused on patients who underwent fish-tail (FT) brachioplasty combined with UAL/PAL from October 2020 to April 2023. The study comprised 31 healthy participants. A comprehensive review of all patients’ demographic data, surgical records, complications, lipoaspirate volumes, and patient satisfaction was undertaken.
RESULTS: From October 2020 to April 2023, a total of 31 fish-tail brachioplasty procedures using UAL/PAL were carried out. The mean age was 36.3±15.2 years, the body mass index (BMI) was 27.3±4.3 kg/m², and all patients were female. Of the patients, 9 (29%) underwent isolated fish-tail brachioplasty with UAL/PAL, while 22 patients (71%) opted for additional procedures. Regarding complications, 7 patients (22.5%) experienced issues. The most common complications seen with fish-tail brachioplasty with UAL/PAL were minor wound dehiscence at the T-junction in 3 patients (9.6%), hypertrophic scar in 2 patients (6.4%), seroma in 1 patient (3.2%), and surgical site infection in 1 patient (3.2%). The overall complication rate was 22.5%.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Medial scar fish-tail brachioplasty, combined with UAL/PAL, is a safe and efficient method. This combination provides a viewpoint on defining the aesthetic components of the arm.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to retrospectively analyze the demographic, sociocultural, and clinical characteristics of childhood poisoning cases. The study evaluates the types of substances causing poisoning, their distribution by age group, hospital admission times, and treatment approaches.
METHODS: Poisoning cases in individuals under 18 years of age who presented to the Pediatric Emergency Department of Haydarpaþa Numune Training and Research Hospital in 2017 were retrospectively examined. Patients’ age, gender, cause of poisoning, treatment methods, and clinical data were recorded. The NCSS 2007 program was used for statistical analyses.
RESULTS: The study included 112 children. Poisoning occurred at home in 94.6% of cases; 58.0% were suicide attempts, and 42.0% were accidental. The most common toxic substances were antidepressants (18.8%) and analgesics (17.9%). Poisoning involved self-administration in 41.1% of cases and others’ medications in 53.5%. Depression was the most common comorbid condition (27.4%).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Poisoning is a significant health issue, particularly in children under five years of age and those over twelve. Education for families, psychological support, and early intervention are essential. Teaching young children not to taste unknown substances, encouraging adolescents through confidence-building and problem-solving strategies, increasing adolescent health centers, and restricting over-the-counter drug sales could reduce poisoning incidents.

INTRODUCTION: Biofeedback therapy is a non-invasive approach used to treat children with dysfunctional voiding (DV) and daytime enuresis (DE). It improves voluntary relaxation of the pelvic floor muscles and normalizes voiding patterns. This study aimed to evaluate clinical indications, treatment responses, and changes in uroflowmetry parameters and voiding curve patterns in children receiving biofeedback therapy.
METHODS: This retrospective study included children aged 5–18 years with DV or DE who underwent at least two pre-treatment uroflowmetry (UFM) and electromyography (EMG) evaluations between April 2023 and March 2024. A standardized biofeedback protocol was administered weekly by a trained nurse under the supervision of a pediatric urologist. Voiding symptoms, EMG activity, and uroflowmetry parameters were assessed. McNemar and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS: A total of 42 female patients (mean age: 12±3.2 years) were evaluated. Non-monosymptomatic enuresis (31%) and DV-related urinary tract infections (24%) were the most common indications. Daytime incontinence was present in 33% of patients, and 62% had a history of urinary tract infections. Although complete response rates were low, improvements were observed in EMG relaxation (83%) and bell-shaped voiding curves, which increased markedly from 26.3% to 84% by the 8th session. Voided volume and Qmax increased significantly (p<0.05). Children with ≥5 voids per day showed a significantly higher treatment response (p=0.031).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Biofeedback therapy effectively improves voiding parameters and pelvic floor muscle relaxation; however, complete dryness remains limited, particularly in patients with nocturnal enuresis.

INTRODUCTION: Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), a rare syndrome also known as the visual variant of Alzheimer’s disease, has been the subject of limited neuropsychological research. This study aimed to examine neuropsychometric deterioration patterns in PCA and compare them with those in typical Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
METHODS: The study included 19 patients diagnosed with AD (n=12) or PCA (n=7) who were treated at a private hospital. Neuropsychometric data assessing cognitive domains including attention, memory, executive functions, visuospatial skills, and language were collected.
RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed that the PCA group had significantly higher long-term spontaneous recall scores on the Öktem Verbal Memory Processes Test (p=0.021) compared with the AD group. Additionally, Benton Face Recognition Test scores were significantly lower in the PCA group (p=0.032). Although not statistically significant, immediate visual memory scores were lower in the PCA group (p=0.092) compared with AD patients.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study aimed to facilitate differential diagnosis through neuropsychological tests. Although this aim was not fully achieved, the results are valuable. Larger studies with more comprehensive test batteries may provide further insight into differential diagnosis and support cognitive rehabilitation approaches.

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a condition characterized by hypoxemia or arousal associated with apnea or hypopnea due to partial or complete collapse of the upper airway. This study aimed to assess the correlation between the diagnosis and severity of OSAS and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR).
METHODS: This retrospective analysis included 65 patients who underwent polysomnography at Sultan II. Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital. Patients with simple snoring and controls had an apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) of <5, patients with mild OSAS had an AHI of 5–14.9, those with moderate OSAS had an AHI of 15–29.9, and those with severe OSAS had an AHI of ≥30. Lymphocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts were obtained from complete blood count parameters measured before polysomnography. NLR and PLR were calculated accordingly.
RESULTS: A total of 65 patients were included in the study. Eighteen patients (28%) with AHI<5 constituted the control group, and 47 patients (72%) with AHI≥5 constituted the OSAS group. Among the 47 patients with OSAS, 17 (36%) had mild OSAS, 15 (32%) had moderate OSAS, and 15 (32%) had severe OSAS. The mean NLR was 2.39±1.59 in patients with OSAS and 1.96±1.21 in patients without OSAS, with no statistically significant difference (p=0.68). The mean PLR was 141.56±139.97 in patients with OSAS and 98.66±27.91 in patients without OSAS, also showing no statistically significant difference (p=0.95). NLR and PLR did not differ significantly among patients with mild, moderate, and severe OSAS (p=0.185 and p=0.149, respectively).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In this study, NLR and PLR were not associated with either the diagnosis or the severity of OSAS.

INTRODUCTION: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common painful joint disease. Although many pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment methods are available, the use of traditional and complementary medicine approaches has increased in recent years. Intra-articular ozone injection is considered an effective and cost-effective method among these approaches and has been shown to be beneficial in painful musculoskeletal conditions in various studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short- and medium-term effects of intra-articular ozone injection on pain, functional status, and activities of daily living in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
METHODS: Data were obtained retrospectively from the medical records of patients diagnosed with KOA between January 1, 2019, and September 1, 2019. Patients who received intra-articular ozone injections (n=27) according to a routine protocol (two sessions per week for a total of four sessions, with doses of 25–20–10–10 gamma, respectively) were included. Evaluations were recorded at baseline, at the second week post-treatment (PT), and at 1 month and 3 months PT using the VAS, WOMAC, Lequesne Knee Index, and Nottingham Health Profile.
RESULTS: The mean age of the patients (n=27) was 64.81±11.41 years (range: 44–82). Of the patients, 85.2% (n=23) were female and 14.8% (n=4) were male. All parameters showed significant improvement at 2 weeks PT compared with baseline, and the observed improvement persisted at the 1st and 3rd month PT evaluations (p<0.05). No significant differences were found between the second week, 1st month, and 3rd month evaluations (p>0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Intra-articular ozone injection in patients with knee osteoarthritis may have positive effects on pain, functional status, and activities of daily living in the short and medium term. Larger-scale controlled clinical trials with longer follow-up periods are needed.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of paravertebral ozone, local anesthetic (LA), and normal saline (NS) injections on pain, disability, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP).
METHODS: Patients who underwent lumbar paravertebral ozone (Group 1), LA (Group 2), and NS (Group 3) injections due to CLBP between March and September 2023 were retrospectively screened. Patients with a history of surgery, injection, or physical therapy for the lumbar region in the last 6 months, as well as those with radicular spread or neurological deficits, were excluded from the study. Pain levels were assessed with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for rest, movement, and night pain, disability levels with the Istanbul Low Back Pain Disability Index (ILBPDI), and QoL with the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP). Pre-treatment and post-treatment 3rd-month results were compared.
RESULTS: In Group 1 (n=15), significant improvement was observed in NRS, ILBPDI, and NHP scores before and after treatment compared to baseline. In Group 2 (n=15), significant improvement was observed in NRS and ILBPDI, and in Group 3 (n=15), significant improvement was observed only in rest NRS scores (p<0.05). Group 1 showed significant improvement compared to Group 3 in all evaluation parameters (p<0.05). In Group 2, a more significant improvement was observed only in ILBPDI scores compared to Group 3 (p<0.05). Significant improvement was found in night NRS and NHP evaluations in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed in other pairwise comparisons (p>0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Lumbar paravertebral ozone is an effective treatment for pain, QoL, and disability in CLBP. Paravertebral ozone injection is a preferable treatment due to its advantages over LA and NS.

INTRODUCTION: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in children under five years of age. Among viral pathogens, rotavirus and adenovirus are the leading causes of both endemic and epidemic AGE worldwide. This study aims to investigate the positivity rate of rotavirus and adenovirus among gastroenteritis-suspected patients in Istanbul, focusing on demographic factors and seasonal distribution.
METHODS: Between May 1, 2020, and May 1, 2023, stool samples from 16,064 patients who presented to Baþakþehir Çam ve Sakura City Hospital in Istanbul were retrospectively evaluated. Rotavirus and adenovirus antigens were analyzed using two different immunochromatographic rapid tests employed during the study period: the CerTest® RotaAdeno Card Test (CerTest Biotec, Spain) and the Rotavirus Adenovirus Rapid Antigen Test (Türklab, Türkiye). Patients were categorized by age groups (0–12, 13–36, 37–60 months, 6–18 years, and >18 years), gender, and seasons. Statistical analyses were conducted using Chi-square and Z-tests, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: A total of 2,270 (14.1%) patients tested positive for rotavirus, and 595 (3.7%) tested positive for adenovirus. The highest positivity rate for rotavirus occurred in the 13–36 months age group (20.3%), while adenovirus was most common in the 37–60 months age group (4.8%) (p<0.001). When the positivity rates between genders were examined, no significant difference was found (rotavirus: female and male 14.1%; adenovirus: female 3.9%, male 3.5%; p>0.05). Rotavirus infections peaked in spring and summer (14.7%-14.5%), whereas adenovirus infections peaked in autumn (4.5%) (p<0.05). The co-infection rate was 0.58% (n=93).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Rotavirus has become a more dominant pathogen causing AGE than adenovirus. Both viruses showed high levels of positivity, especially in early childhood. The seasonal patterns indicate that rotavirus peaks in spring and summer, while adenovirus sees an increase in autumn. These insights are crucial for developing targeted preventive measures for managing AGE in specific age groups.

INTRODUCTION: Heart failure (HF) is associated with morbidity, mortality, and diminished quality of life. One of the most common etiological factors for HF is atrial fibrillation (AFib). The development of HF during the course of AFib causes patients both to reveal HF’s ominous outcomes and the worsening of AFib. Previous studies have shown that HF is associated with systemic inflammation, elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), and decreased serum albumin (SA) levels; however, the predictive value of the CRP to SA ratio (CAR) for diagnosing HF in patients with AFib is not fully demonstrated. This study aims to elucidate the diagnostic value of CAR in predicting the development of HF in AFib patients.
METHODS: This retrospective study comprised 279 patients with permanent AFib attending our outpatient clinic. The study population was categorized into two groups based on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): patients with LVEF <40% and those with LVEF ≥40%.
RESULTS: In the study cohort, 75 patients (26.9%) were identified with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Patients with HFrEF exhibited elevated levels of neutrophils, CRP, and CAR, along with increased left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and left atrial volume index (LAVI). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that LVEDD, LAVI, CRP, and CAR (OR: 1.414, 95% CI: 1.182–1.692; p<0.001) were independent predictors of HFrEF in patients with AFib.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The relationship between HF presence and CAR in AFib patients has been revealed in the present study. Evaluation of CAR may be useful in diagnosing or anticipating HF in the course of AFib.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and subtypes of urinary incontinence (UI), as well as associated demographic and clinical factors, among adults attending a family medicine outpatient clinic.
METHODS: A two-phase cross-sectional study was conducted between January and April 2018. In Phase 1, 794 participants aged 18 years and older completed the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF). Those identified with UI were invited to participate in Phase 2, in which a 25-item structured questionnaire was administered via face-to-face interviews to explore contributing factors. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 25.0. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: Of the participants, 26.9% reported UI. The most common subtype was mixed incontinence (14.4%), followed by urge (6.5%) and stress incontinence (5.9%). UI was significantly more prevalent among women (p<0.001) and individuals aged 65 and older (p<0.001). In the second phase (n=130), mixed incontinence remained the predominant type (51.5%). Significant associations were found between UI type and menopausal status (p=0.032) and the sensation of incomplete bladder emptying (p=0.016). Although the prevalence of urinary incontinence is high, only 16.9% of affected individuals sought medical care. Most attributed this to feelings of embarrassment or perceiving the condition as unimportant.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Urinary incontinence is a common but underreported condition that significantly affects quality of life, particularly among older adults and women. Routine screening in primary care settings is essential for early detection and effective management.

INTRODUCTION: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease marked by variable airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Vitamin D, known for its immunomodulatory properties, has been suggested to influence asthma pathophysiology, potentially affecting pulmonary function and eosinophilic inflammation. This study aims to investigate the differences in vitamin D levels between asthmatic patients and healthy individuals, and to analyze the correlation of vitamin D with pulmonary function, arterial oxygen saturation, and eosinophilic inflammation markers.
METHODS: This retrospective observational study reviewed medical records from 147 asthmatic patients and 30 healthy controls at a research hospital from January 2022 to January 2023. Pulmonary function tests, arterial oxygen saturation, and eosinophilic markers (eosinophil count, eosinophil percentage, total immunoglobulin E (IgE), and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels) were analyzed.
RESULTS: No significant difference in vitamin D levels was observed between asthmatic patients and healthy controls (p=0.543). A weak positive correlation was found between vitamin D levels and peak expiratory flow (PEF)% (r=0.185, p=0.025). No significant correlations were observed between vitamin D levels and other pulmonary function parameters or eosinophilic markers.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: While vitamin D levels did not differ significantly between asthmatic and healthy individuals, a weak positive correlation with PEF% suggests a potential role in improving expiratory flow. No significant association was found with other pulmonary functions or eosinophilic inflammation markers. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of vitamin D in asthma management.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, the deterioration of male reproductive health and the increasing incidence of urogenital anomalies such as hypospadias, cryptorchidism, and micropenis have been associated with environmental endocrine disruptors. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of micropenis and other urogenital anomalies in healthy full-term male newborns in our country. A secondary aim of the study was to contribute further to national data by recording penile measurements, along with gestational age, in infants in whom micropenis was not detected.
METHODS: In this study, the findings of urogenital examinations performed by the same physician during routine neonatal check-ups were evaluated in healthy male infants born at term (38–42 weeks of gestation) within a one-month period, at Zeynep Kamil Women and Children’s Hospital.
RESULTS: Among the 230 newborns examined, the incidence of hypospadias was 0.43%, and hydrocele 8.2%, while no cases of cryptorchidism were observed. The mean penile length was found to be 3.14±0.36 cm, and the mean penile diameter was 1.5±0.24 cm, with no cases of micropenis detected.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: No significant increase in the prevalence of hypospadias and cryptorchidism was observed. A significant correlation was found between penile length and birth weight, but no such relationship was identified with gestational age. The findings emphasize the need for ethnic-specific reference standards and larger-scale studies to better understand the impact of endocrine disruptors on male reproductive health.

INTRODUCTION: This study sought to analyze the predictive importance of neutrophil percentage/albumin ratio (NPAR) levels at hospitalization for one-year major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in patients with non-obstructive myocardial infarction (MINOCA).
METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 495 patients. Patients were categorized into two groups: those with MACCE and those without. The neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio (NPAR), C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin ratio (CAR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation (SII) index, and advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) were calculated for all patients, and the correlations of these inflammation-based biomarkers with 1-year MACCE were assessed.
RESULTS: CRP, neutrophil count, neutrophil percentage, NLR, SII, CAR, and NPAR were significantly higher in MACCE (+) patients (p<0.001). In contrast, body mass index (BMI), lymphocyte count, albumin, and ALI values were markedly lower in the MACCE (+) group (p<0.001). In receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, NPAR had a greater area under the curve (AUC: 0.970) value than either ALI (AUC: 0.932), SII (AUC: 0.927), or CAR (AUC: 0.928).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Inflammatory biomarkers NPAR, CAR, SII, and ALI can predict one-year major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events for patients with MINOCA. NPAR shows better predictive value compared to other biomarkers.

Introduction: Migraine is a prevalent and disabling neurological disorder with a complex and partially understood pathophysiology. Red blood cell distribution width (RDW), a routine hematological parameter, has emerged as a potential biomarker of systemic inflammation, which may be relevant in migraine.
Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting RDW values in individuals with and without migraine. Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) and Google Scholar were searched through June 23, 2025. Inclusion criteria comprised case-control studies comparing RDW in migraineurs and healthy controls.
Results: Five case-control studies comprising 1,240 participants (709 with migraine and 531 without) met the inclusion criteria. RDW values were higher in migraine patients in four of the five studies. The overall pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) in RDW was 0.24 (95% CI: −0.15 to 0.62; I²=97%). After excluding one outlier study, the WMD increased to 0.47 (95% CI: 0.18 to 0.76).
Discussion and Conclusion: Our findings suggest a trend toward elevated RDW in individuals with migraine. While promising, the results are limited by high heterogeneity and methodological inconsistencies across studies, underscoring the need for further standardized research.