INTRODUCTION: We aimed to investigate the superiority of examining sleep electroencephalography (EEG) of patients with normal routine EEGs in detecting pathological activity.
METHODS: In this study, sleep EEGs of 138 patients, who had previously undergone routine EEG examination and had normal results, conducted at Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital EEG Laboratory between January 1st, 2022 and January 1st, 2023, were analyzed.
RESULTS: A total of 138 patients’ sleep EEGs were evaluated in the study, with 70 (50.8%) of them being female. Among these, 26 (18.8%) showed pathological findings. Among the 26 patients with pathological sleep EEGs (13 females), 23 (88.5%) had a diagnosis of Epilepsy, and 21 (80.8%) were using antiseizure medication. Among the pathological EEGs, 5 (19.2%) showed organization disorder, 7 (26.9%) showed non-specific slow wave paroxysms, 6 (23.1%) showed focal epileptiform discharges, and 8 (30.8%) showed generalized epileptiform discharges.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Time is crucial in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. Conducting sleep EEG alongside routine EEG can contribute to the diagnosis, determination of seizure type, and early initiation of treatment.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of demographic factors, psychological profiles, and treatment modalities on smoking cessation outcomes.
METHODS: A total of 181 patients who completed a 3-month follow-up at a smoking cessation clinic were included. Data collected comprised demographic characteristics, psychological assessments (General Self-Efficacy Scale [GSES], Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS], and Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence [FTDN]), and treatment approaches, including nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, varenicline, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
RESULTS: Successful cessation was defined as continuous abstinence during follow-up. No significant association was found between cessation success and age, gender, smoking history, or motivation to quit. However, higher education levels and the absence of chronic illness were positively associated with success. Patients with chronic diseases exhibited lower GSES scores. Pharmacological treatments were more effective than CBT alone. Among pharmacological options, varenicline and NRT yielded higher success rates than bupropion, with no significant difference between varenicline and NRT. A negative correlation was observed between GSES and HADS scores.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Educational attainment, absence of chronic illness, and pharmacological treatment were associated with higher smoking cessation success. Chronic diseases appear to reduce self-efficacy, and increased anxiety and depression may negatively impact cessation outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Bendopnea is defined as the onset of dyspnea within 30 s of bending forward and is linked to increased right atrial and post-capillary wedge pressures. Diuretics reduce intravascular volume by inhibiting sodium reabsorption, thereby lowering cardiac filling pressures. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of non-hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) diuretics on symptoms and diastolic parameters in obese patients with bendopnea.
METHODS: This retrospective, single-center study included 120 obese patients presenting with bendopnea to the cardiology outpatient clinic. Group 1 comprised patients who either received no medication or were prescribed only HCTZ. Group 2 included those treated with non-HCTZ diuretics (spironolactone, spironolactone + HCTZ, or indapamide). After 1 month, symptom status and clinical parameters were reassessed.
RESULTS: The mean age was 57±9.1 years, with 90% female participants. At 1-month follow-up, bendopnea frequency was significantly lower in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (16.1% vs. 96.6%; p<0.001). Improvements were also observed in systolic mean blood pressure, NT-proBNP levels, and E/e′ values in patients in Group 2.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Non-HCTZ diuretics significantly alleviated bendopnea symptoms and improved diastolic parameters in obese patients. These findings suggest that non-HCTZ diuretics may offer symptomatic and hemodynamic benefits in this population.

INTRODUCTION: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1) agonists and the dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/GLP-1 agonist tirzepatide are increasingly prescribed for type 2 diabetes and obesity, with clinical trials suggesting favorable cardiovascular (CV) profiles. However, post-marketing comparative data on CV adverse events (CVAEs) across these agents remain limited.
METHODS: We extracted FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) reports between 2020 and 2025 where semaglutide, liraglutide, or tirzepatide appeared as the sole suspect drug. Reports with at least one CVAE – defined across four domains (arrhythmia, ischemic, hemodynamic, thromboembolic) were identified. We calculated CVAE proportions, summarized CVAE spectra, and compared serious outcomes (hospitalization, life-threatening events, death) between agents using χ2 tests and risk ratios.
RESULTS: Among 26,930 monotherapy reports, 1,765 (6.6%) included ≥1 CVAE. CVAE proportions were highest for liraglutide (12.8%), followed by semaglutide (9.5%) and tirzepatide (5.3%) (p<0.0001). Common CVAEs included palpitations, heart rate increases, blood pressure fluctuations, and syncope. Major ischemic or thrombotic events were rare across all drugs. Serious outcomes occurred in 36.0% of CVAE reports for liraglutide, 29.7% for semaglutide, and 31.3% for tirzepatide (p=0.38). Tirzepatide reports had a higher proportion of life-threatening events (9.0%) than liraglutide (4.8%) or semaglutide (4.4%) (p=0.0013).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Semaglutide, liraglutide, and tirzepatide show comparable CV safety profiles in FAERS data, with most CVAEs reflecting known pharmacologic effects rather than severe toxicity. To our knowledge, this is the first FAERS-based study to directly compare these agents’ CVAE patterns, offering complementary insight to existing clinical trial evidence.

INTRODUCTION: Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) play important roles in glucose metabolism and redox balance. This study evaluated serum Zn Cu and oxidative stress markers during an oral glucose tolerance test and examined their relationships with glucose dynamics.
METHODS: We studied 195 adults including 138 healthy controls and 57 individuals with newly diagnosed diabetes. Blood samples were obtained at baseline T0 at 60 min T1 and at 120 min T2. Glucose insulin Zn Cu total oxidant status (TOS) and related biochemical parameters were measured. Between group comparisons were performed and correlation heatmaps were presented descriptively.
RESULTS: Glucose levels were higher in the diabetes group than in controls at T1 and T2 with p<0.001. At T1 zinc was higher in patients than in controls 84.14 versus 77.95 mcg/dL with (p=0.010) while groups were similar at baseline and at T2. Cu declined after the glucose load in both groups. TOS was lower during the test in both groups in a descriptive manner and between group differences were not significant at any time point. Lipid profile insulin cortisol and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance did not differ significantly between groups. Correlation patterns suggested more stable relationships in controls and weaker more variable links among trace elements and oxidative markers in diabetes.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Glucose dysregulation was evident in diabetes whereas trace element and oxidative stress responses to the glucose challenge were modest. The higher zinc level at T1 in patients may reflect short term mobilization or redistribution. These findings support the need for longitudinal and interventional studies to clarify the roles of Zn and Cu in dysglycemia and to assess the translational value of dynamic trace element measurements.

INTRODUCTION: To compare the short- and long-term outcomes of medical (misoprostol) and surgical (vacuum aspiration) management in patients with first-trimester pregnancy loss.
METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed and treated for spontaneous abortion under 14 gestational weeks between January 2019 and January 2025 at a tertiary center. Patients were divided into two groups according to treatment modality: Medical (misoprostol) or surgical (vacuum aspiration). Demographic characteristics, treatment success rates, hospitalization duration, hemoglobin/hematocrit changes, complication rates, and subsequent fertility outcomes were compared.
RESULTS: A total of 368 patients were included, with 114 receiving medical treatment and 254 undergoing surgical management. The overall success rate was significantly higher in the surgical group (99.2%) compared with the medical group (50%) (p<0.001). The surgical group had a shorter hospital stay (p=0.014), lower hemoglobin drop (p<0.001), and fewer complications (p=0.01). The most common complications in the medical group were retained products of conception and pelvic infection. Treatment success was consistently higher with surgical management across both missed and incomplete abortion subtypes (p<0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Surgical management with vacuum aspiration appears more effective and safer than medical management with misoprostol for first-trimester pregnancy losses. These findings may support individualized decision-making based on gestational age, clinical stability, and resource availability. Limitations include the retrospective design and lack of standardized misoprostol protocols.

INTRODUCTION: Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract, occurring more frequently in men than in women. While pathological features are major prognostic determinants, the effect of tumor localization remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between bladder tumor location, stage, recurrence, and progression.
METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of 452 patients diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma who underwent transurethral resection of the bladder tumor between 2016 and 2021. Demographics, tumor location, pathological stage, recurrence, and progression were analyzed. The bladder was divided into eight regions for mapping. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used; p<0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS: The mean age was 64.5 years, with a mean follow-up of 34.5 months. High-grade tumors were found in 65% of cases. The lateral walls were the most common sites, whereas the trigone and base were the least common. Some tumors were significantly associated with high-grade and muscle invasion. Overall recurrence was 41%, and progression was 10.6%. Recurrence was significantly higher in tumors of the posterior wall.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that dome tumors are linked to higher stage and grade, whereas posterior wall tumors carry increased recurrence risk. Tumor location may have prognostic value in bladder cancer, warranting further studies.

INTRODUCTION: Kawasaki disease (KD) is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children, and timely diagnosis is crucial to prevent cardiac complications. We aimed to evaluate the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients diagnosed with KD, reveal differences between complete and incomplete cases, and determine risk factors associated with cardiac involvement.
METHODS: This retrospective study included 30 patients who were diagnosed with KD. Patients were classified as having complete KD (cKD) or incomplete KD (iKD) based on standard diagnostic criteria. Statistical analyses, including logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, were performed to explore the predictors of cardiac involvement.
RESULTS: The study included 30 patients (73.3% male, n=22). 70% of the patients had cKD. Cardiac involvement was found in 40% of patients, with mitral regurgitation and coronary artery dilatation being the most common. Patients with cKD had a longer duration of fever (p=0.047), higher C-reactive protein (p=0.018) and alanine aminotransferase levels (p=0.044), lower hemoglobin levels (p=0.029), and more frequent cardiac involvement (p=0.049) than those with iKD. The duration of fever was significantly higher in those with cardiac involvement (p=0.035). ROC analysis identified fever duration as a significant predictor of cardiac involvement (area under the curve=0.727, p=0.038), with an optimal cutoff of 3.5 days yielding 91.7% sensitivity and 72.2% specificity.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Fever duration, particularly over 3.5 days, is strongly associated with cardiac complications in KD. These findings highlight the need for early recognition and timely treatment to improve cardiovascular outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Immunocompromised individuals, especially people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are vulnerable to severe complications from latent Toxoplasma gondii reactivation. This study investigated T. gondii seropositivity in people living with HIV and its association with demographic and clinical factors to identify high-risk groups.
METHODS: Between January 1, 2020, and June 1, 2025, 1189 people living with HIV from the infectious diseases outpatient clinic were included. Demographic data, CD4+ T lymphocyte counts, HIV ribonucleic acid levels, and T. gondii immunoglobulin G (IgG)/immunoglobulin M results were retrospectively collected, and seropositivity rates and their associated factors were statistically analyzed.
RESULTS: Of the 1189 people living with HIV included in the study, 88.7% were male (n=1055) and 11.3% were female (n=134), with a mean age of 38.2±9.6 years. Serological evaluation revealed that T. gondii IgG antibodies were positive in 31.4% of the patients (n=374). Among the study population, 118 patients (9.9%) had a CD4+ T lymphocyte count below 100 cells/mm3 at the time of admission. Of these patients, 48 (40.7%) were seropositive for T. gondii IgG. In contrast, among the 1071 patients with a CD4+ T cell count ≥100 cells/mm3, 326 (30.4%) were IgG positive. T. gondii seropositivity was significantly higher in patients with CD4+ T lymphocyte counts <100 cells/mm3, and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.030). Seropositivity rates increased significantly with age (p<0.001), lowest in 18–25 (16.5%) and highest in ≥50 years (64.88%).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the combined impact of age-related cumulative exposure and environmental factors on the epidemiology of T. gondii infection among people living with HIV. Higher seronegativity in younger patients indicates reduced exposure, potentially increasing the risk of primary infection in the immunosuppressed. Thus, T. gondii serological screening remains essential, especially in those with low CD4+ counts.

INTRODUCTION: Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are among the most common congenital anomalies. An increased frequency of CHDs has been reported in twin pregnancies. This study aims to determine the frequency, types, and contributing factors of CHDs in twin births.
METHODS: This retrospective study included twin pregnancies in which both fetuses underwent at least one echocardiographic examination at the pediatric cardiology outpatient clinic. Data were collected from hospital records and included maternal age, use of assisted reproductive technology (ART), mode of delivery, pregnancy-related risk factors (gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, hypertension, and hypothyroidism), gestational age at birth, birth weight, and presence and type of CHD. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel.
RESULTS: The study included 498 twin infants (252 female, 50.6%) and 249 mothers. Among the cases, 116 (23.3%) were monochorionic, and 26.1% were conceived through in vitro fertilization, with the remainder being spontaneous pregnancies. A total of 34 infants (6.83%) were diagnosed with CHDs. In four pregnancies, both twins were affected, whereas in the remaining cases, only one twin was affected. Most CHDs consisted of septal defects and right ventricular outflow tract obstructions, whereas 12 cases had more complex anomalies.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In line with previous literature, this study found an increased frequency of CHDs in twin pregnancies. No significant difference in CHD frequency was observed between ART and spontaneous twin pregnancies. No specific risk factor was identified as a distinguishing feature between cases with and without CHDs.

INTRODUCTION: Perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) remains a life-threatening surgical emergency with substantial morbidity and mortality. Early identification of high-risk patients is essential for guiding operative strategy and optimizing perioperative care. This study evaluated clinical, biochemical, and operative predictors of post-operative complications and 30-day mortality and assessed the prognostic performance of routine biomarkers.
METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted including 114 adults who underwent surgical repair for intraoperatively confirmed PPU between May 2022 and September 2025 at a tertiary center in Istanbul, Türkiye. Demographics, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, symptom-to-surgery interval, operative details, and baseline laboratory values (lactate, C-reactive protein [CRP], albumin, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio) were analyzed. Primary outcomes were 30-day post-operative complications and all-cause 30-day mortality. Multivariable logistic regression identified independent predictors, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis evaluated biomarker performance.
RESULTS: Post-operative complications occurred in 28.1% of patients, with a 30-day mortality of 7.9%. Complications were significantly lower after laparoscopic repair (10.7%) than open repair (32.9%), with the open group showing more adverse baseline biomarker profiles. On multivariable analysis, elevated lactate (≥2.5 mmol/L; odds ratio [OR] 8.33) and higher ASA class (II–IV; OR 2.51) independently predicted complications, while advanced age (≥53 years; OR 1.085/year) and hypoalbuminemia (<31 g/L; OR 0.805) predicted 30-day mortality. ROC analysis showed excellent discrimination for age (area under the curve [AUC] 0.883) and albumin (AUC 0.895) in predicting mortality, and both lactate and CRP strongly predicted selection of an open surgical approach.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Advanced age, elevated ASA class, and biochemical abnormalities – particularly elevated lactate and low serum albumin – are independent predictors of post-operative complications and mortality following PPU repair. Incorporation of these readily available markers into pre-operative assessment may improve risk stratification, guide operative approach selection, and optimize perioperative management. Prospective studies are warranted to validate thresholds and develop standardized protocols.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the international normalized ratio-to-albumin ratio (IAR) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels, radiological findings, and prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 115 HCC patients admitted between 2010 and 2023. IAR was calculated as INR divided by albumin. Patients were categorized into high (≥0.288) and low (<0.288) IAR groups. Radiological findings, AFP levels, Child-Pugh (CP) classification, model for end-stage liver disease score, tumor characteristics, and survival were compared between groups. The optimal IAR cutoff for predicting mortality was determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.
RESULTS: A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between IAR and MELD score (p<0.001) and AFP levels (p=0.021). The optimal IAR cutoff was 0.267, with 80.2% sensitivity and 52.9% specificity. Patients with higher IAR had higher MELD scores, more tumors, worse CP classification, and higher mortality (p<0.05 for all).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: IAR is significantly associated with disease severity, tumor burden, and prognosis in HCC patients. It may serve as a simple, inexpensive, and non-invasive biomarker to guide early diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostic assessment in clinical practice.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a disorder characterized by the triggering of mast cells and basophils and is thought to involve systemic inflammatory responses. Hematological parameters obtained from the complete blood count, particularly the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), have been considered potential biomarkers associated with systemic inflammatory processes. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of omalizumab therapy on inflammatory parameters, including C-reactive protein (CRP), NLR, and PLR in patients diagnosed with CSU.
METHODS: Data from 44 individuals with CSU who were followed at the Dermatology Clinic of Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital between June 2022 and June 2024 and received omalizumab therapy for at least 1 year were retrospectively analyzed in this observational study. CRP, NLR, and PLR levels were compared before treatment, at the 6th month of therapy, and at the end of the 1st year. In addition, the relationship between baseline urticaria activity score (UAS7) and these inflammatory parameters was assessed.
RESULTS: The study population had an average age of 48.57±13.43 years. Among the participants, 65.9% were women and 34.1% were men. Throughout the omalizumab treatment period, CRP and NLR levels demonstrated a statistically significant decrease (p<0.001). In addition, PLR values also decreased, with a notable reduction observed at the 6th month of therapy (p=0.029). Analysis of relationships between variables revealed a moderate positive association between baseline UAS7 values and both CRP and PLR levels, while a robust positive association was demonstrated between baseline UAS7 and NLR (r=0.864; p<0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These findings may be associated not only with clinical improvement but also with reductions in certain systemic inflammatory markers. The strong association between baseline NLR and disease activity indicates that NLR may serve as a practical, accessible biomarker in CSU.

INTRODUCTION: Neural tube defects (NTDs) are common congenital malformations that cause lifelong disabilities, high medical costs, and significant mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of citric acid, a widely used food additive, on neural tube development in chick embryos.
METHODS: Fertilized, specific pathogen-free chicken eggs were randomly assigned to two groups (n=15 each). Group A (control) received no treatment, whereas Group B received 0.5 mM citric acid injected beneath the embryonic disc at Hamburger–Hamilton stage 9. After 72 h of incubation, embryo survival was recorded, and surviving embryos were examined macroscopically and histopathologically for NTDs. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher’s exact test.
RESULTS: All embryos in the control group survived (15/15, 100%) and showed normal neural tube development. In the citric acid group, only 10/15 embryos survived (66.7%), and 9/10 (90%) of these exhibited NTDs, mainly cranial and caudal closure failures. Citric acid significantly reduced survival (p<0.05) and increased NTD incidence (p<0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Citric acid significantly reduced embryo survival and increased the incidence of NTDs in chick embryos. These findings suggest that citric acid may have embryotoxic and teratogenic effects, highlighting the need for further studies on the safety of widely used food additives during early pregnancy.

INTRODUCTION: Hormone receptor-negative, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HR−/HER2+) breast cancer is an aggressive subtype with high sensitivity to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted neoadjuvant therapy. Although pathologic complete response (pCR) is associated with improved outcomes, real-world predictors of pCR remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate clinical and pathological factors associated with pCR in patients with HR−/HER2+ breast cancer.
METHODS: This retrospective real-world study included 73 patients with HR−/HER2+ breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant systemic therapy. Clinicopathological features, laboratory parameters, and treatment regimens were collected. HER2 and hormone receptor status were assessed by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization when indicated. pCR was defined as the absence of invasive disease in the breast and axillary lymph nodes. We examined potential clinical and pathological factors associated with pCR in HR−/HER2+ breast cancer.
RESULTS: The median age was 50.9 years, and all patients were female. Dual HER2 blockade was administered in 63% of patients. Overall, pCR was achieved in 67.1% of cases. Comparison of baseline clinicopathological characteristics according to pCR showed that pre/peri menopausal patients achieved significantly higher pCR rates than postmenopausal patients (80.6% vs. 57.1%, p=0.030). In multivariate analysis, the presence of comorbidity (odds ratio [OR]: 7.44, p=0.012), age (OR: 0.88, p=0.003), menopausal status (OR: 5.31, p=0.011), and the number of neoadjuvant cycles (OR: 0.45, p=0.028) were identified as statistically significant predictors.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Neoadjuvant therapy achieved high pCR rates in this real-world HR−/HER2+ breast cancer cohort. Menopausal status remained a significant clinical factor associated with pCR. Moreover, age, the number of neoadjuvant cycles, and comorbidity were also identified as significant factors. These real-world findings require validation in larger cohorts, and further prospective studies incorporating molecular biomarkers are warranted.

A 32-year-old male presented with a penile hematoma after using a penile chastity cage for sexual gratification. Physical examination revealed distal penile edema and diffuse hematoma without urethral hemorrhage or incontinence. Doppler ultrasonography showed no cavernosal or fascial defect but demonstrated a subcutaneous hematoma. Management included ice application, Coban compression bandage, analgesic–anti-inflammatory treatment, and oral antibiotic prophylaxis. The bandage was changed daily; symptoms improved by 48 h, it was removed at 1 week, and complete resolution occurred by week 3. At 6 months, sexual function was normal. This case highlights potential risks of such devices and the successful conservative management of a penile hematoma.

A tracheal bronchus (TB) is a bronchial anomaly originating from the tracheal wall just above the main carina, before the bifurcation into the right and left main bronchi. Advancements in computed tomography and bronchoscopy technologies have led to a significant increase in the number of diagnosed cases. TB can be asymptomatic and detected incidentally but it may also be associated with certain cardiovascular and bronchopulmonary anomalies. Pneumocystis jirovecii, previously classified as a protozoan, is now classified as an opportunistic fungus. Like other opportunistic fungi, it typically causes infection in immunocompromised patients, and it is generally not expected to be pathogenic in immunocompetent individuals. In this case report, we describe the patient who was evaluated due to bilateral infiltrates in the lungs, where TB was detected during further evaluation. Following advanced diagnostic tests, the patient was diagnosed with P. jirovecii pneumonia, and the case is discussed in the context of the current literature.

Cramp-fasciculation syndrome is a rare form of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH). We report the case of a 79-year-old man who presented with widespread, visible, and persistent muscle twitching involving both upper and lower limbs, more prominently affecting the entire body, accompanied by a burning sensation in the feet for approximately 1 month. He also reported difficulty initiating sleep and frequent constipation. Clinical and electrophysiological evaluations demonstrated fasciculations and cramps. Further investigations identified positive contactin-associated protein-like 2 antibodies, a subtype of voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies, as the underlying etiology. Although fasciculations are commonly seen in motor neuron diseases and radiculopathies, they may also appear, though less frequently, as part of a PNH syndrome. Clinically, this condition represents a spectrum disorder, and autoimmune mechanisms are often implicated in its pathogenesis.