INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to determine the awareness of physicians about the concerning the age of use of cough and cold medicines (CCM) in children.
METHODS: A questionnaire form consisting of 12 questions was distributed to the 180 physicians who serving children's age group in XXXXX. In the first part of the questionnaire, questions were asked about demographic characteristics. In the second part, physicians were asked that they were prescribing which 30 medicine regulated by age.
RESULTS: Of the 180 practitioners who took part in the study, 91 (50.56%) were aware of a new regulation on the age of use of CCM. Despite this, only 5 physicians involved in the study (2.77%) preferred the new arrangement where the appropriate age for all of the drug was detected.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was found low level the physicians' awareness about the new regulations regarding the age of use of CCM. Integrating up-to-date drug guidelines in to hospital and family medicine information management systems will make a significant contribution to the elimination of such shortcomings.

INTRODUCTION: To assess oncological and functional outcomes of two techniques for patients with bladder cancer who undergone open radical cystectomy (ORC) or robot assisted radical cystectomy (RARC).
METHODS: 47 patients who underwent ORC and RARC due to bladder cancer between 2009 and 2017 were evaluated. Preoperative, operative and postoperative follow-up data was recorded prospectively and analyzed retrospectively. Preoperative and postoperative data were compared using Student Paired t test and Mann-Whitney U test. Surivival of the patients were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier test.
RESULTS: 34 patients underwent ORC and 13 patients underwent RARC. The mean age of ORC and RARC groups were 61.7 and 62, respectively (p=0.904). The mean operating time ( 6 hours) in the ORC group was statistically significantly shorter than the RARC group (7 hours). Estimated blood loss was statistically significantly higher in the ORC group [350 (100-800)] than that in the RARC group [150 (100-400)] (p=0.001). The postoperative complication rates were similar between the two groups (p> 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between two groups in terms of hospital stay (p=0,596), positive surgical margin rates and number of removed lymph nodes (p>0,05). The mean overall survival time was 42.7 months in the ARS group and 51.3 months in the RARAC group (p=0.893).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Robot assisted radical cystectomy has comparable oncological outcomes to ORC. Although ORC has a shorter operating time, RARC has advantages in term of less blood loss and earlier start of oral feeding.

INTRODUCTION: INTRODUCTION: We aimed to evaluate the presence and degree of mitral and aortic valve calcification and aortic stiffness in hemodialysis patients and their risk factors and to find out relationship between bone mineral density and vascular calciffication.

METHODS: Hemodialysis patients were included. Mitral and aortic valve calcification and aortic stiffness were evaluated by echocardiography. Dual energy X-ray absorbtiometry(DEXA) was performed.
RESULTS: The study population consisted of 16 female and 36 male patients. Twenty-two(42.3%) had mitral and 25 (48.1%) had aortic valve calcification. Aortic valve calcification and aortic stiffness were found to be significantly related to age and PTH levels. Aortic stiffness was related with calcium-phosphorus product. Radial Z scores were significantly related to aortic stiffness. Radial T scores revealed osteoporosis in both males and females and were correlated with dialysis period. As a conclusion, age was related to aortic valve calcification as well as aortic stiffness. Aortic and mitral valve calcification and aortic stiffness were not correlated with BMD measurements of femoral, radial and lumbar regions.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Radial BMD values significantly decreased as dialysis period increased. Radial DEXA scores are more useful in evaluation of BMD in hemodialysis patients.

INTRODUCTION: The main purpose of this study is to compare the physical activity and balance, in patients with stress urinary incontinence,overactive bladder and control group, objectively and subjectively. Secondary purpose was to assess these findigs in the terms of incontinence severity.
METHODS: In this study, 14 patients with stress urinary incontinence and overactive bladder and 11 patients with no lower urinary tract symtpoms were included.. Incontinence severity was evaluated with ICIQ-SF, IIQ-7, UDI-6, OAB-V8 forms subjectively and pad test objectively, physical activity were evaluated with IPAQ-SF and the form that we prepared for this study: ‘Avoidance of movement questionnaire’. Balance was evaluated with stability index, open eye and closed eye test. Tineti gait and balance instrument, Berg balance scale, go and up test are also evaluated.
RESULTS: Median age was 48(39-68). In study group all domains of Qualtiy of Life(QoL) except physical role functioning were lower than control group. Physical activity level was significantly lower in study group. Median metabolic equivalent score(MET) was 697(49-2400) in study group and 2100(580-2900) in control group(p=0.001). The median ‘Avoidance of movement questionnaire’ was 21.5 in study group and 16 in control group and it was statistically significant(p=0.004). Balance and gait was affected in study group compare to control group. Mean Tineti score, Berg balance scale, go and up test, open eye and closed eye test were significantly low in study group but stabilometry test is equal in these two groups. Incontinence severity were not correlated with subjective and objecitve balance evaluation but we found correlation with Avoidance of movement questionnaire and incontinence severity in correlation analysis.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Physical activity restriction, balance problem in tests and exam, imparied QoL score were found in patients with urinary incontinence compare to control group. Subjective and objective incontinence severity assesment and balance evaluation were not significicantly correlated.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of uniportal Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) in undiagnosed pleural effusions.
METHODS: We examined the medical records of all consecutive patients with undiagnosed pleural effusions who underwent uniportal VATS from 2014 to 2018 at the Health Sciences University Antalya Practice and Research Center. There were 41 males (55.4%) and 33 females (44.5%), ranging in age from 35 to 88 years (mean age: 64.12 years). VATS was performed either under general anesthesia or under local anesthesia according to the patients’ performance status. Pleural drainage and/or biopsies were performed through a single lumen with 1-2 cm incision. A single chest tube was placed from the port entry after the procedure. The chest tube was left in place a minimum of 3 days and removed when fluid drainage was less than 100 ml/24 h. Patients were discharged the day after chest tube removal and a return visit was scheduled on the 30th post-operative day, for clinical evaluation and for a new chest radiograph.
RESULTS: Pleural cytology was performed in all, whereas biopsies were performed in 53 patients (71.6%). Pathological examination of biopsies demonstrated 56.6% with malignancy of the pleura and 43.4% revealed benign pleural diseases, among them 3.7% with tuberculosis. The overall diagnostic yield of VATS in the study was 60/74 (81.0%). The most common primary lung cancer with involvement of the pleura was the adenocarcinoma (78.5%). The most common metastatic tumors were originated from the lung (46.6%) followed by breast (26.6%). There was no intraoperative mortality.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Uniportal VATS is well tolerated and safe for diagnosis and treatment for undiagnosed pleural pathologies.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the relationship between optic nerve head (ONH) parameters, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness with central corneal thickness (CCT) in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients by using three dimensional spectral domain optical coherence tomography (3D SD-OCT).
METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 144 eyes of 144 patients (79 female, 65 male) with POAG were studied. Patients were classified as thick cornea group (Group 1) and thin cornea group (Group 2). Group 1 represented eyes with CCT≥540μm and Group 2 with CCT< 540μm. Topographic measurements of the ONH and peripapillary RNFL thickness were performed using 3D-OCT. The outcomes were correlated with the CCT of the subjects.
RESULTS: Mean age of the study population was 63.6 ± 12.7 (47- 69 years). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, gender, spherical equivalent refractive error, and mean intraocular pressure (p=0.52, p=0.45, p=0.34, p=0.65, respectively). Mean CCT of subjects was 556.6+/-34.37 μm (468-635 μm), and the mean disc area was 2.52+/- 0.47 mm2 (1.76-3.99 mm2). CCT showed a negative correlation with cup area (p=0.03), cup disc area ratio (p<0.005), horizontal cup disc ratio (p=0.04), and cup volume (p<0.005) while a positive correlation was found with rim area (p=0.025), rim volume (p=0.015), and inferior RNFL (p<0.005). No significant difference of optic disc area, vertical cup disc ratio, average RNFL and superior RNFL existed between the two groups (p=0.81, p=0.516, p=0.13, p=0.14, respectively).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Primary open angle glaucoma patients with thin corneas maybe at greater risk of glaucomatous damage as measured by cup disc ratio, neuroretinal rim, and retinal nerve fiber layer.

INTRODUCTION: Psoriasis vulgaris (PV) was consired to be a chronic, recurrent skin disease but it has been accepted as a chronic systemic inflammatory disease in recent years. Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is a lipoprotein that is synthesized in the liver and has a low density lipoprotein (LDL) like molecular structure, consisting of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoprotein B-100 derivative. Serum levels of Lp(a) are not affected by the amount of lipid taken into the diet and lifestyle changes. In this study, it was aimed to compare blood lipid levels and Lp (a) levels between psoriasis vulgaris patient group and healthy group and to investigate whether psoriasis creates an atherosclerosis tendency.
METHODS: Clinically and/or histopathologically diagnosed 44 patients with chronic plaque-type psoriasis vulgaris and 48 healthy subjects without any disease were included in the study. Serum total cholesterol level, serum triglyceride level, serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, serum LDL cholesterol level, serum very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol level and serum Lp (a) level were measured.
RESULTS: Total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL cholesterol levels were not statistically different between psoriasis and healthy control groups ( p=0,071; p=0,374; p=0,060; p=0,421; p=0,759 in order). Lp (a) levels in the psoriasis group were higher than the healthy control group (p <0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: According to the results of our study, high Lp (a) values in patients with psoriasis may be more likely to induce atherosclerosis than the normal population. On the other hand, the identification of Lp (a) level in psoriatic patients with cardiovascular diseases may be an appropriate diagnostic tool for the evaluation of atherosclerotic and vasoocclusive pathologies.

INTRODUCTION: There are many different indications for creating a stoma in general surgery practice. Although stoma take down is considered as a minor surgical procedure it may be associated with severe complications and prolonged length of hospital stay. In this study, we aimed to compare the postoperative outcomes after Santulli enterostomy and conventionally created stoma closure.
METHODS: In total, 305 patients who underwent a stoma creation at jejunal or ileal level between January 2008 and December 2016 were included in the study. Patients with Santulli enterostomy were in the study group while others were in the control group. Patient demographics, stoma take down technique, time to oral intake, and length of hospital stay were documented.
RESULTS: There were 199 male and 106 female patients with a median age of 67 (17- 83). In total, 76.7% patients had loop stoma while 11.8% had double-barrel stoma, 6.2% Santulli enterostomy, and 5.3% end stoma. Time to the stoma closure was similar between the groups (24.9 vs. 24.1 weeks, p= 0.73). Stapler use was more common in Santulli enterostomy closure (63.2% vs. 34.6%, p= 0.01). Oral intake after stoma take down was earlier (2 vs. 4 days, p< 0.001) and length of hospital stay was shorter (3 vs. 6 days, p= 0.001) in Santulli enterostomy group.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It is well known that Santulli enterostomy is a good option for patients in whom proximally located stoma is unavoidable. Our study showed that it is also advantageous in stoma take down.

Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) was firstly described in the year 2005 by Chang et al. in patients using alpha-blockers. Tamsulosin, a selective alpha (a)-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist, is a commonly prescribed drug for benign hyperplasia of prostate (BPH) and it has been shown to have the strongest association with IFIS. Other drugs that predispose to IFIS include alfuzosin, doxazosin, terazosin, finasteride, labetalol, mianserin, chlorpromazine, donepezil and other antipsychotic agents. In literature reviews, pathophysiologic evaluation of IFIS has not yielded clear-cut results. In the present study, we examined this pathophysiologic mechanism from a different perspective and somewhat hypothetically analyzed chemical composition of these drugs. We analyzed their chemical formulas and pharmacological effects in combination. We compared tamsulosin with other IFIS inducing alpha-blockers and thought that its sulfonamide group might be a causative factor.

Halogenated inhalational anesthetics, which have been used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, can cause the liver injury which is range from temporary transaminase elevation to hepatic necrosis. It is rare but can cause serious morbidity and mortality. Here we present a case of severe transaminase elevation after using desflurane anesthesia for obesity surgery.

Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck is a very rare condition in females. A 30-year-old woman presented to our clinic with a palpable mass in her right inguinal groin. Ultrasonographic findings were consistent with the diagnosis of a hydrocele of the canal of Nuck. Surgical resection of the hydrocele was performed and histopathological examination of the surgical specimen confirmed the diagnosis.

Psychological polydipsia can be seen in up to 20% of patients with psychiatric disorders. Polydipsia can result in hyponatremia, defined as water intoxication, which can be fatal. In water intoxications, headache, nausea, seizure, and convulsions may be observed.
In this case report; twenty-eight years old, hyponatremia developing in a patient with schizophrenia and encephalopathy due to it is evaluated in the light of current literature. Our patient had hyponatremia, seizures, cerebral edema due to water intoxication. The patient was treated intensively and discharged to the internal medicine service on the 3rd day.