INTRODUCTION: The precautions taken during the COVID-19 pandemic altered people’s lifestyles. The present study aimed to evaluate the mental states and physical activity levels of individuals during the pandemic and to uncover the effects of these conditions on quality of life.
METHODS: The study was conducted with 175 people who applied to the Family Medicine outpatient clinics of a Training and Research Hospital after receiving ethics committee approval and agreeing to participate in the study. Participant Information Collection Form, Short Form-36 Quality of Life Scale (SF-36), Beck Depression Scale (BDS), Beck Anxiety Scale (BAS), and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short form) (IPAQ) were applied to the individuals via face-to-face survey method. The statistical significance level was accepted as p<0.05.
RESULTS: A total of 48.6% of the 175 participants were female, 40.0% were married, and the mean age was 39.21±13.66. 44.6% of the individuals had chronic diseases, 42.9% were receiving regular medication, and 43.4% of the participants said that they had a COVID-19 infection. The average BAS and BDS scores of those who had COVID-19 were higher, and the SF-36 subscale scores were lower than those who did not (p<0.05). The BAS and BDS scores of those with chronic diseases who were receiving regular medication were higher (p<0.001). A negative relationship was detected between the BAS and BDS scores of the individuals and the SF-36 scores (p<0.05). A weak and negative relationship was detected between the BDS score and the "Total Physical Activity" score (p=0.003).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In the present study, the mental state and quality of life of individuals who had COVID-19 were affected negatively compared to those who did not. Individuals must be informed about lifestyle changes and healthy living behaviors appropriate for the changing conditions during the pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: Candida species are commensals in the normal flora of healthy humans but can become opportunistic pathogens, causing significant morbidity and mortality when predisposing factors are present. Various local or systemic factors, particularly their virulence factors, disrupt the normal homeostasis of Candida, leading to the transition from normal flora to pathogenic and opportunistic infections.
METHODS: In this study, the acid proteinase, phospholipase, and biofilm formation properties of 100 Candida albicans strains isolated from various clinical specimens were investigated phenotypically. Additionally, the presence of agglutinin-like sequences (ALS1) and hyphal wall protein (HWP1) genes, which are thought to be effective in adhesion during biofilm formation, was investigated genotypically.
RESULTS: Proteolytic activity was detected in 86% of the strains, phospholipase activity in 73%, and biofilm formation by the modified tube adherence method in 9%. Genotypically, the presence of ALS1 and HWP1 genes was detected in 29% and 91% of the strains, respectively.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The lack of a significant relationship between the presence of ALS1 and HWP1 genes and biofilm formation suggests that different genes may also be effective in this process.

INTRODUCTION: Scabies associated with healthcare services can lead to significant morbidity in healthcare workers. Our study aims to present our experience with a scabies outbreak originating from a hospitalized patient and affecting our healthcare workers, and to propose infection control methods recommended for scabies related to healthcare services.
METHODS: The scabies outbreak among healthcare workers at our hospital was evaluated from August 16th to September 6th. The study included healthcare workers who provided care to a patient diagnosed with scabies on July 21, 2022.
RESULTS: Surveillance was initiated due to scabies diagnosis in two nurses working at our Hospital's Rheumatology Clinic on August 16th and 17th, 2022. These nurses were treated with a topical ointment containing sulfur+vegetable tar and were given seven days off. All Rheumatology service staff started using personal protective equipment for contact isolation, avoiding direct skin contact, and maintaining hand hygiene. All service furniture was cleaned using a high vacuum cleaner, and terminal cleaning and disinfection were applied to the entire service area. Under these measures, a total of five nurses and one doctor were diagnosed with scabies. File review conducted in the clinic revealed a patient had been diagnosed with scabies during their admission on July 21, 2022. No new scabies cases were reported in the following two months under infection control measures and practices.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Raising awareness of scabies diagnosis among healthcare workers, early diagnosis and treatment, full compliance with infection control measures, surveillance, and prophylaxis are important for scabies related to healthcare services.

INTRODUCTION: Status epilepticus (SE) is characterized by the presence of prolonged seizures or the absence of returning to a normal level of consciousness between episodes, and it is one of the most important life-threatening neurological emergencies. This study examined the etiological features, EEG findings, and accompanying comorbid conditions of SE patients.
METHODS: SE patients followed up in the neurology clinic between January 2014 and June 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. The demographic data, seizure type, EEG findings, anti-seizure medications, and comorbid conditions were evaluated.
RESULTS: A total of 62 patients were included in the study. The study was continued with 45 patients (24 female, 21 male) as there were missing data in the files of 17 patients. The most common type of seizure at presentation was convulsive SE (CSE) (88.8%). It was observed that 38 of 45 patients had a known diagnosis of epilepsy (84%), and levetiracetam was the most preferred anti-seizure medication, followed by valproic acid. The most common comorbid condition was infections (35.5%). The mean hospitalization for SE was 11.7 days. The most common EEG pattern was paroxysmal slow waves (25.6%).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: SE is a neurological condition that can affect epilepsy patients of all ages and requires rapid intervention due to the high risk of mortality and morbidity. It is important to determine the etiology and maintain effective treatment of SE to prevent recurrent SE.

INTRODUCTION: Eosinophils are involved in many metabolic events, such as the provision of homeostasis in the organism, host cell defense, and tissue repair and regeneration. Despite these important roles, eosinophils can be overlooked during the examination of blood tests performed in daily clinical practice. This study aimed to investigate the role of eosinophils in the clinical course of COVID-19.
METHODS: In this study, patients who presented to the emergency department with symptoms of COVID-19 and had a positive polymerase chain reaction test or typical COVID-19 involvement on thoracic computed tomography were evaluated retrospectively. The patients’ demographic data and blood parameters were obtained. In addition, the patients’ outcomes, requirements for admission to inpatient wards or the intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation requirements, and in-hospital mortality were recorded and statistically analyzed.
RESULTS: The study included a total of 3,845 patients. The eosinophil count was found to be lower in cases requiring hospitalization, intensive care, or mechanical ventilation, and in those with in-hospital mortality. In addition, the eosinophil count was found to be the most significant prognostic factor among all investigated parameters.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although eosinophil count is often overlooked, it is one of the factors that determines the prognosis in critically ill patients, as in the case of COVID-19. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effect of eosinophil count on the course of COVID-19 and compare the utility of eosinophil count with other complete blood count parameters for this purpose.

INTRODUCTION: Adnexal mass is a frequently encountered problem in gynecology practice. Although ultrasonography is our main tool in distinguishing endometrioma cases, there is a need for methods that will provide preoperative prediction, especially in rare cases. For this reason, we aimed to investigate the predictive value of CA-125 level, inflammatory markers, and malignancy index calculations in the diagnosis of endometrioma.
METHODS: In this study, 679 cases who were operated on, and diagnosed with an adnexal mass, at the Health Sciences University Haydarpaþa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic, between 01.01.2010 and 30.06.2016, were retrospectively examined. The predictive value of CA-125, RMI, and inflammatory markers was investigated among these groups, which were divided into three groups: benign and malignant adnexal mass endometrioma patients.
RESULTS: In the comparison of the three groups, CA-125 value, malignancy risk index calculations, and some hematological markers were found to be statistically significantly higher. In the subgroup analysis for CA-125; It was found in the comparison of endometrioma and benign masses (p=0.000), in the comparison of benign and malignant masses (p=0.000), and the distinction between endometrioma and malignant masses (p=0.004).
In the subgroup analysis for inflammatory markers, the NLR value was found to be significantly different in malignant and benign cases (p=0.000). The neutrophil count was significantly different in malignant and benign cases (p=0.005).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: CA125 levels were found to be sensitive but not specific in the diagnosis of endometrioma. There is a need for studies on modeling in which new algorithms are developed in which TV-USG findings are combined with hematological markers.

INTRODUCTION: Degenerative cervical disc disease is a disorder that often presents with various symptoms, and diagnosis is frequently challenging. The aim of this study is to identify the symptoms of degenerative cervical disc disease and evaluate the relationship between symptoms and radiological findings.
METHODS: The study was designed as a cross-sectional and observational study. Fifty-five consecutive patients diagnosed with degenerative cervical disc disease were included in the study. The symptoms were recorded, and the relationship between cervical MRI findings and symptoms was investigated.
RESULTS: A total of 55 patients were included in the study. Of these, 32 (58.2%) were female and 23 (41.8%) were male, with a mean age of 56.3±12.9 years. Cervicogenic headache (27.3%), retroorbital pain (20%), tinnitus (3.6%), trigeminal neuralgia (14.5%), dizziness (14.5%), neck pain (89.1%), restricted neck movement (83.6%), neck paresthesia (14.5%), shoulder pain (36.3%), restricted shoulder movement (16.3%), shoulder weakness (12.7%), pain radiating to the upper extremity (41.8%), sensory deficit in the upper extremity (18.2%), weakness in the upper extremity (9.1%), and back pain (34.5%) were recorded in the patients. The most remarkable finding in patients with pathology at the C2-C4 level was trigeminal neuralgia, while trigeminal neuralgia was not observed in patients with pathology at the C4-C8 level. Dizziness, neck pain, and restricted neck movement were common symptoms, with sensory and motor symptoms predominating in lower cervical signs. Statistically significant higher rates of upper cervical symptoms were recorded in radiological grade 2 and 3 changes, while lower cervical symptoms were significantly higher in grade 3 and 4 changes.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The most common degenerative finding observed in patients was located in the middle cervical region. Neck pain was the most frequently reported symptom. The most remarkable unusual finding was trigeminal neuralgia, which was observed in upper cervical discopathies. Symptoms were recorded to be associated with the severity of radiological findings.

INTRODUCTION: Although intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) increases during prone and semi-recumbent positions, these positions are included in the treatment protocols for patients with Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and Adult Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
The aim of the study was to determine the effects of prone and semi-recumbent positions on hemodynamic, ventilatory, and blood gas parameters by IAP elevation.
METHODS: After ethics committee approval, the patients (aged 18-60 years) diagnosed with ALI-ARDS according to the American-European consensus were enrolled. Hemodynamic and IAP monitoring were performed with central venous and femoral artery and urinary catheters.
Patients were intubated and mechanically ventilated. Ventilatory mode (adjusted based on blood gas analyses), sedation, and feeding protocols were the same. SOFA, LIS, and APACHE II scores, CVP, IAP, Ppeak, Pmean, VTe, Cdyn, HR, MAP, CI, EVLWI (Pulsion PiCCO), pH, PaCO2, and PaO2/FiO2 were measured. Measurement time points: T1 (baseline-supine position), T2, T3 (prone position, 60., 120. minute), T4, T5 (semi-recumbent position, 60., 120. minute).
RESULTS: The study was performed in 15 patients without abdominal support. Oxygenation and IAP were significantly increased in all positions. A significant increase in oxygenation was detected by decreasing EVLWI at T3. A significant decrease in PaCO2 was observed by increasing VTe at T2 and T3, in heart rate at T3, in MAP at T2, and in CI at T4, without any hemodynamic deterioration.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Prone and semi-recumbent positions could be used in ARDS to improve oxygenation without unfavorable hemodynamic effects. Our study may provide a protocol for larger studies evaluating prolonged prone and semi-recumbent positions.

INTRODUCTION: Our purpose was to analyze the quality and reliability of Turkish-language videos about anatomic total and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) published on YouTube. We planned to examine video characteristics based on sources and content.
METHODS: The most popular Turkish-language YouTube videos related to TSA were compiled. We analyzed the videos based on sources and content. Viewing characteristics were determined for each video. The content was analyzed according to the criteria of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), DISCERN, and Global Quality Score (GQS). Video content and quality were evaluated by two observers. Cohen's kappa was used to measure interobserver reliability.
RESULTS: The mean DISCERN score for the 29 included videos was 44.2±14.80 (moderate), the mean JAMA score was 2.79±0.90, and the mean GQS score was 3.59±1.02. The total number of views was 290.295, with a mean of 10.010±20.119. The mean view rate was 12.1±37.1. When examined by source, videos from institutional sources had a mean DISCERN score of 35.11±11.19, while videos from individual physician sources had a mean DISCERN score of 48.30±14.62 (p=0.024). There was no significant difference in GQS and JAMA scores by source (p=0.092; p=0.350). When comparing videos by content, DISCERN, JAMA, and GQS scores were higher in videos about surgical techniques (55.50±16.89; 3.63±0.51; 4.50±0.75, respectively) than in videos about diseases (39.90±11.70; 2.48±0.81; 3.24±0.88, respectively). These differences were statistically significant (p=0.009; 0.001; 0.001, respectively).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It is observed that the quality and reliability of the videos related to total shoulder arthroplasty published in Turkish on the YouTube platform is moderate. In environments where obtaining information about the disease and surgical techniques influences shared decision-making, there is a need for higher quality, reliable, and understandable video content to ensure patients have accurate information.

INTRODUCTION: Antibiotic prophylaxis is one of the basic practices to prevent surgical site infections. For rational surgical prophylaxis, the right antibiotic should be given in the right dose at the right time. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the compliance of antibiotic use for surgical prophylaxis in our hospital with the guidelines for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis.
METHODS: Adult patients who underwent surgery in eight different surgical clinics of Ýzmir Health Sciences University Tepecik Training and Research Hospital between 20.01.2021 and 20.01.2023 were included in the study. The prophylactic antibiotics administered to these patients were retrospectively analyzed in terms of content, timing of administration, dose, and duration of use and evaluated for compliance with the surgical prophylaxis guidelines of our hospital.
RESULTS: A total of 1,379 patients were included in the study. The most common reasons for noncompliance were prolonged prophylaxis, incomplete prophylaxis, and wrong choice of antibiotic. The neurosurgery clinic was the most compliant clinic, while the cardiovascular surgery clinic was the most non-compliant clinic. It was statistically significant that the use of the surgical prophylaxis guideline was higher in the group given antibiotics compared to those not given antibiotics (p<0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was observed that persuasive activities are needed to convince patients that full compliance with the surgical prophylaxis guideline is important for both safe surgery and rational antibiotic use, especially the abandonment of prolonged prophylaxis.

INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance in Acinetobacter spp. is a growing concern in ICU settings. The connection between antimicrobial usage and the development of resistance is complex, including the selection of resistant strains due to the extensive use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials. This study analyzes trends in antimicrobial consumption and resistance rates of Acinetobacter spp. and their correlation in ICU settings.
METHODS: The study includes patients aged 18 and older hospitalized for more than 48 hours between 2007 and 2016. Repetitive culture results were excluded following the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 'Antimicrobial Use and Resistance Module' guidelines. Susceptibility testing was performed according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) rules. The resistance rate is expressed as the proportion of resistant isolates to total isolates. Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and the Defined Daily Dose (DDD) measurement units for each drug were assigned to the data. Antimicrobial consumption is expressed as the number of DDDs per 1,000 patient days. Trends in consumption and resistance were analyzed using an ARIMA model, and correlations were assessed using either Pearson or Spearman tests.
RESULTS: Consumption of ceftazidime, meropenem, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, tigecycline, and colistin increased, while cefazolin, cefepime, cefuroxime, and amikacin decreased. Resistance to imipenem, meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, netilmicin, cefoperazone-sulbactam, and tigecycline increased. Gentamicin, tobramycin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim susceptibility increased. There was a correlation between amikacin resistance and consumption of piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, colistin, meropenem, and tigecycline. Imipenem resistance correlated with consumption of meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, and tigecycline. Meropenem resistance correlated with consumption of piperacillin-tazobactam and cefoperazone. Cefepime resistance correlated with consumption of netilmicin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Netilmicin resistance correlated with consumption of colistin and netilmicin. Piperacillin-tazobactam resistance correlated with ceftazidime consumption.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Monitoring antimicrobial resistance and its interaction with antimicrobial use is essential for effective antimicrobial stewardship programs.

INTRODUCTION: Pemphigus, a group of chronic, potentially fatal mucocutaneous bullous disorders, often presents with limited evidence of nail involvement. This study investigated the relationship between nail manifestations and disease severity in patients with pemphigus.
METHODS: We conducted a meticulous retrospective review of medical records of 18 patients (9 males, 9 females) diagnosed with pemphigus, focusing on patients with and without nail manifestations. We documented a comprehensive set of demographic and clinical parameters, including the nature of the nail involvement. Disease severity was evaluated using the Pemphigus Disease Area Index (PDAI).
RESULTS: Of the 18 participants, 8 exhibited nail involvement, with an equal gender distribution. Pemphigus vulgaris was the predominant type, diagnosed in 14 patients, followed by pemphigus foliaceus in 4 patients. Nail manifestations included involvement of both the finger and toenails, most commonly presenting as paronychia, onychomadesis, and nail discoloration.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: As pemphigus is a life-threatening group of diseases, monitoring its effects and follow-up are crucial. Even though nail involvement is often dismissed as a rare manifestation, it could potentially serve as a significant prognostic indicator for pemphigus. We believe that conducting larger-scale studies could offer invaluable insights into the prognosis and disease duration among pemphigus patients with nail involvement.

INTRODUCTION: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) may increase the risk of developing cerebrovascular disease. Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) may present with clinically overt stroke. We aimed to determine whether RLS, when combined with other cardiovascular risk factors, caused an increase in CSVD burden in patients with a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor ischemic stroke (MIS).
METHODS: Patients who were hospitalized with TIA or MIS were interviewed, and RLS was assessed using the diagnostic criteria defined in 2014 by the International RLS Study Group. One hundred nine patients were divided into two groups: those with and without RLS (n=30 and n=79, respectively). The demographics and stroke risk factors of the patients, along with the severity (International RLS Study Group Rating Scale (IRLSRS) scores) and duration of RLS (months) in the group with RLS, were recorded. CSVD burden was measured using neuroimaging at diagnosis via the Age-Related White Matter Changes (ARWMC) rating scale and compared between the two groups.
RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographics and stroke risk factors, but ARWMC scores were found to be significantly higher in the RLS group (p<0.001). There was no correlation between IRLSRS scores and ARWMC scores; however, a significant correlation was found between the duration of RLS and ARWMC scores in the RLS group (p=0.033).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The presence and duration of RLS may be an independent propensity factor for CSVD in patients with TIA or MIS.

INTRODUCTION: SARS-CoV-2 causes severe lung damage and respiratory failure through oxidative stress. Biomarkers play a role in inflammation, in revealing the effects of oxidative stress, and in the regulation of treatment. The aim of our study was to reveal oxidative stress in COVID-19 patients by determining oxidative biomarkers and to examine the relationship of these parameters with lung involvement.
METHODS: The prospectively designed study included 45 patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of COVID-19 and 38 healthy controls. Total thiol, native thiol, disulfide, myeloperoxidase, ischaemia-modified albumin, and acute phase reactant levels to determine oxidative stress and inflammation were compared between the groups. Thorax tomography scoring was performed to determine the severity of pneumonia. The association of oxidative biomarkers with length of hospital stay and radiological score was evaluated.
RESULTS: We found that native thiol and total thiol levels decreased, and disulfide and myeloperoxidase levels increased in COVID-19 patients compared to the control group. A negative correlation was found between the duration of hospitalization and native thiol and total thiol levels (r=-0.312, p=0.043; r=-0.309, p=0.049). Native thiol and total thiol were negatively correlated with lung involvement on thorax tomography (r=-0.450, p=0.002; r=-0.436, p=0.003). MPO level was positively correlated with the duration of hospitalization (r=0.317, p=0.034).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These oxidative/inflammatory parameters play an important role in the lung involvement and disease monitoring of COVID-19 patients and can be used in the management of patients.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes is a widespread chronic disease in society that requires continuous medication treatment and monitoring, and it leads to productivity loss and premature deaths. Rational drug use is of great importance in diabetic patients. This study was conducted to determine the level of rational drug use knowledge among type 2 diabetes patients and the factors influencing it.
METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional survey. A total of 234 patients with type 2 diabetes who completed the questionnaires were randomly sampled. A Participant Information Collection Form, which included sociodemographic characteristics, accompanying chronic diseases in diabetes, medications used in diabetes treatment, HbA1c level in the last three months, and body mass index information, as well as the Rational Drug Use Scale, were administered to the participants through face-to-face interviews. The patients were categorized into two groups: those utilizing rational medications and those who were not. Subsequently, a logistic regression analysis was executed to determine the factors predicting rational medication usage within the established model. SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis and calculations.
RESULTS: The mean score of the Rational Drug Use Scale for patients was found to be 34.9. It was found that 59.8% of the participants had knowledge of rational drug use. Factors affecting knowledge of rational drug use were gender, education level, and income level; being female and having a higher education level and income level significantly predicted the scale score of rational drug use knowledge.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The study found that 40% of patients with diabetes mellitus did not have knowledge of rational drug use. It would be appropriate to provide more information to diabetic patients and physicians regarding rational drug use.

INTRODUCTION: The benefit of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) vs. medical therapy in mild stroke (NIHSS <6) is still being investigated. In this study, we evaluate the prognosis of low NIHSS patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) who did not undergo MT at admission.
METHODS: This was a retrospective study. Thirty-nine patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion with mRS 0-2, NIHSS 0-6, were included in the study between 2021-2023. The outcome was evaluated by the modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days.
RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 68.4 (32-97). Twenty-four of them were male, and 15 were female. The median NIHSS score at admission was 3. The most common occlusion site was the M2 segment. Nineteen patients received bridging IVT. Only three patients experienced clinical deterioration and underwent MT during hospitalization. The outcomes between the clinical deterioration and non-deterioration groups did not differ statistically.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: MT can be performed in low NIHSS stroke patients, especially those with ICA occlusions. To define the exact candidate, the results of ongoing trials such as ENDOLOW and MOSTE are needed.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, we described two different sutureless intrascleral fixation techniques performed by creating scleral tunnels in patients without capsular support. Additionally, we evaluated the complications, as well as the anatomic and visual outcomes of the two techniques.
METHODS: This retrospective study included patients who underwent sutureless intrascleral intraocular lens (IOL) implantation using two different techniques. Patients who underwent sutureless intrascleral IOL implantation with the creation of a scleral tunnel at Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kýrdar Training and Research Hospital between January 2016 and March 2017 were examined. The patients were compared in terms of (BCVA), intraocular pressure, mean keratometer values, refraction measurement, specular microscopy, corneal endothelial cell count, and anterior and posterior segment examination during the preoperative and postoperative periods. Complications occurring during and after the surgery were recorded.
RESULTS: The study included 18 eyes of 18 patients who underwent technique 1 and 18 eyes of 17 patients who underwent technique 2 (p>0.05). The mean follow-up period for cases operated with technique 1 was 6.4 months, while for technique 2 it was 6.2 months. Postoperative BCVA was found to be 0.18 (range 0.00-0.40) logMAR in technique 1 and 0.22 (range 0.00-0.40) logMAR in technique 2 (p>0.05). Median spherical equivalent values of the patients postoperatively were myopic in both groups. Median corneal endothelial cell loss in the group operated with technique 1 was 10.19%, whereas it was 11.16% in the patients who were operated with technique 2. In 1 patient using technique 1 and in 2 patients using technique 2, the IOL haptic was broken.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Anatomic and visual outcomes, as well as complications, are similar for both techniques. Acceptable short-term outcomes are obtained with the modified techniques used in the present study; however, studies with longer follow-up periods and larger patient series are needed to determine whether the techniques may be successful in the long term.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare and often fatal central nervous system (CNS) disease caused by the John Cunningham polyomavirus (JCV). Here, we present a case of PML that developed 12 years after kidney transplantation in a 36-year-old patient. The patient presented to the emergency department with weakness and numbness in the right arm, which resolved after treatment, restoring normal muscle strength. Treatment involved a gradual reduction of immunosuppressive therapy and plasmapheresis every other day for five days. PML can have an aggressive and fatal course, but our case was considered to have a favorable (atypical) onset of PML. Early diagnosis and treatment are believed to impact the prognosis of PML.

Ectopic teeth can be supernumerary, deciduous, or permanent, and their incidence in the nasal cavity is very low. Although the etiology is not clear, maxillofacial trauma, developmental anomalies, infections, radiation exposure, and many genetic factors are considered potential causes. Although it may present with a variety of clinical findings ranging from difficulty in breathing to nasal deformities, pansinusitis, and oronasal fistula, some patients may be asymptomatic and may be detected incidentally during routine radiographic examinations. Surgical extraction of the tooth may be beneficial to reduce symptoms and prevent possible complications. In this case report, an unusual and rare case of an intranasal ectopic tooth with no clear etiology and its surgical treatment is presented.