INTRODUCTION: All healthcare professionals should always have a high level of basic knowledge and skills related to cardiopul-monary resuscitation (CPR) practices. Our objective in this study is to assess the knowledge of specialty students regarding CPR practices to designate training priorities, content and frequency aimed at preserving CPR knowledge and skills.
METHODS: Data were collected in line with the 2015 ERC guideline. A test form with 20 questions covering CPR knowledge and training status, with four options to each question, was distributed to research assistants in different clinics in a training and research hospital.
RESULTS: Knowledge and skill levels in Anesthesiology and Reanimation Departments and emergency department clinics were higher. A significant relationship was found between monthly CPR instances and these levels. Those who practiced CPR two or more times had better knowledge and skills. The relationship of CPR knowledge and skill level with the frequency of education; the level of success in 6 months, within 1 year and in those who did not receive training was determined as 67.89%, 58.49%, and 55.25%, respectively.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Where we are, the level of knowledge and skills for CPR practices is only at 59.52% and this means that we are considerably behind our goal. Where we should be, targeted success level for CPR should be 90% or higher, which necessitates regular CPR training in all clinics. Effective rotation programs or simulation-based CPR training in clinics with monthly 0–1 CPR instances will greatly contribute to attaining our objective. Retraining at <6 months will preserve updating the information and therefore significantly contribute to effective CPR practices.

INTRODUCTION: Aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of urinary incontinence (UI) treatment on female and male sexual functions.
METHODS: Sexually active women, who were diagnosed with UI and treated by surgically and/or medically between Decem-ber 2017 and July 2018, were enrolled into the study, prospectively. Patients’ demographic properties were evaluated, and patients filled out Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI-6), Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7) and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) forms. Moreover, partner’s age, BMI and sexual status (IIEF-5 score: International Index of Erectile Function) were noted. Trans obturator tape (TOT) operation was performed in patients with stress UI. Patients with UUI underwent anti-cholinergic treatment. In patients with mixed UI, TOT operation was applied who had evident stress component and then anticholinergic treatment was initiated, if necessary. The patients filled out UDI-6, IIQ-7 and FSFI questionnaires at the 3rd month of initial therapy and patients’ partners filled out IIEF-5 form.
RESULTS: Forty-two women with UI and their partners were included in the study. Number of sexual intercourses per month was significantly increased after the treatment of UI (3.3/month vs. 5.2/month, p: 0.001). Pre-treatment FSFI score was 18.9 in average; and after UI was treated, FSFI score was increased to 24.9 (p=0.001). Moreover, we found significant improvement in IIEF score of partners, after the treatment of female UI (18.5 vs. 22.5, p=0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our findings have showed that, treatment of UI in women significantly improved quality of life and sexual function in women and sexual activity in their partners.

INTRODUCTION: Penile fracture accompanied by complete urethral rupture is a rare condition. This study aims to evaluate the long-term lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual functions of patients with penile fracture and concomitant complete urethral rupture who underwent urgent surgical reconstruction.
METHODS: Preoperative, perioperative, and long-term results of five patients who were operated on for complete urethral rupture and concomitant penile fracture were evaluated. Patients were diagnosed by physical examination and retrograde urethrography (RUG). Operation data were recorded and physical examination, International Prostate Symptom Score, Inter-national Index of Erectile Function-5 forms, and uroflowmetry results were evaluated to determine long-term results.
RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 35.6±6.3 (25–42) years and the mean follow-up period was 18.4±9.9 months. Pe-nile fracture occurred in three patients during sexual intercourse, one patient during masturbation, and one patient during sleep. Erectile dysfunction was not observed in any patient after the surgery. One of the patients developed anterior urethral stricture and one patient had a 15° ventral curvature during erection.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Urethrorrhagia and urinary retention are the major signs indicating urethral rupture. In these patients, the urethra should be evaluated with RUG preoperatively. The long-term results of early surgical repair of the corpus cavernosum and urethra in this group of patients are very good.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the chronic and progressive deterioration of metabolic and endocrine func-tions together with the inability to adjust the fluid-solute balance of the kidney. In our study, the values of neutrophil to lym-phocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) before and after dialysis were compared in patients with chronic renal failure, except for patients with infection clinic admitted to the emergency department. Our aim is to examine the changes in the parameters of complete blood count (hemogram) before and after dialysis, which is a fast and inexpensive test, to discuss whether these changes will give an idea in determining the need for urgent dialysis.
METHODS: The CKD patients who received a routine dialysis program in the Nephrology Clinic Dialysis Unit of Istanbul Hay-darpaþa Numune Training and Research Hospital were examined. Among the patients with CKD who received routine dial-ysis in our hospital, patients who presented to the emergency department for various reasons between January 2016 and January 2018 were included in our study. Laboratory examinations were made with MINDRAY BC6800 brand hemogram device. As a statistical analysis, the mean values, standard deviations, median values of the data were calculated. Student’s t-test was used to compare the Chi-square test variants.
RESULTS: Between January 2016 and January 2018 a total of 458 CKD patients applied to our emergency department. The pre-dialysis and post-dialysis NLR ratios of the patients show a statistically significant change in all age groups (p<0.05). Post-dialysis values in patients over 52 years of age in PLR ratios decreased significantly compared to pre-dialysis values (p<0.05). On the other hand, there was no statistically significant change in PLR ratios in patients under 52 years of age.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In determining the need for urgent dialysis, the increase in NLR and PLR ratios can be helpful in making an emergency dialysis decision together with clinical evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is likely to play a role in some of the etiologic factors of nocturnal enure-sis (NE), such as nocturnal polyuria, disorder of arousal, or detrusor hyperactivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate ANS functions in children with NE.
METHODS: Twenty-two children with NE and 20 healthy children were allocated for this study. In electrophysiologic evalua-tion, palmar and plantar sympathetic skin responses (SSR) and RR interval variation (RRIV) were carried out in both groups. The minimum and mean latencies of SSRs, maximum and mean amplitudes of SSRs, RRIV at rest and during deep breathing, the difference between resting and deep breathing RRIVs, ratio of deep breathing to resting RRIV, and maximum to mini-mum RR interval at rest and during deep breathing were calculated. For group comparisons; Mann–Whitney U test was used for abnormally distributed data, independent t-test was used for normally distributed data for continuous variables.
RESULTS: The mean ages were 10.75±3.49 and 10.91±3.10 years for patients and controls, respectively. There was no signifi-cant difference between the groups in terms of age and sex (p>0.05). Palmar and plantar SSRs could be obtained in all sub-jects in NE and control groups. There was no significant difference between the groups in SSR or RRIV parameters (p>0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This result suggests that ANS system functions may be normal in enuretic group when not classified for the etiologies. However, the effect of the ANS may be more evident for one of the above-mentioned etiologic factors. Therefore, assessing ANS functions in patients classified according to the etiologies may be more useful to demon-strate the link between ANS dysfunction and NE.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of low-intensity extracorporeal wave therapy (Li-ESWT) in the treatment of Peyronie’s disease (PD).
METHODS: Li-ESWT was used to treat 41 patients applied with PD using the Duolith SD1 Ultra device. In Peyronie’s patients, a total of 300 beats (3,000 strokes 0.25 mJ/mm2) were applied to the penile region to be Li-ESWT with clinical emphasis, that is, on the palpable Peyronie’s plaque, once a week for 6 weeks. The method’s reproducibility and efficacy were determined by comparing penile discomfort, penile curvature, penile plaque size, and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) score values in Peyronie’s patients at baseline and 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after Li-ESWT treatment.
RESULTS: While there was a statistically significant decrease (p<0.001) in Vas score before and after Li-ESWT treatment at 3, 6, and 12 months, the change in angulation in IIEF-5 scoring and plaque size was not significant (p=0.950, p=0.162, p=0.162, respectively).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These results showed us that Li-ESWT treatment in PD did not provide angulation, shrinkage of penile plaque and improvement in sexual functions, except for reducing the penile pain complaint of the patients during erection. Findings indicate that Li-ESWT alleviates penile pain associated with PD. However, it did not appear to be useful in terms of reducing penile curvature, plaque size, or sexual function.

INTRODUCTION: Cutibacterium acnes, formerly Propionibacterium acne, is a low virulence, aerotolerant anaerobes, Gram-pos-itive, non-spore forming, pleomorphic bacillus. It is one of the common causes of infection that adversely affects the clinical outcome of patients, especially in implant-related infections after shoulder joint surgery. The aims of this study are to deter-mine the incidence of C. acnes in tissue samples which were taken during shoulder arthroscopy and to compare the clinical status of patients with culture results.
METHODS: Patients who had shoulder arthroscopy in our hospital between January 2016 and July 2016 were evaluated prospectively. The patient’s visual analog scale score, Quick-Dash score, and Constant score were recorded before surgery and at 6th month after surgery and they were compared. Two or four samples were taken according to the shoulder pathol-ogy. Then, all of the samples were plated on 5% sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar for 14 days. Culture results and patient outcome scores compared.
RESULTS: We have followed 39 patients who met the inclusion criteria for 6 months. Thirteen of the patients were male, and 26 were female. There were seven patients whose culture results were positive (17.9%). There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of clinical scores according to the culture result. (Mann-Whitney U p & lt; 0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Despite the pre-operative skin preparation and standard antibiotic prophylaxis, shoulder arthroscopy mostly causes C. acnes inoculation, especially in the subacromial region. On the other hand, there was no differ-ence in the clinical outcomes whether the patients developed C. acnes in tissue cultures or not. In the literature, C. acnes is associated with persistent pain and arthrosis in the shoulder region, but the results obtained in 6 month follow-ups are not compatible with this hypothesis.

INTRODUCTION: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is one of the methods applied in urinary system stone disease. ESWL has a very high success rate, and there are many factors that affect its success. In our study, we aimed to present our shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) results in proximal ureter stones, the reasons for re-admission to the hospital after SWL, and the final success achieved after additional interventions.
METHODS: Between March 2017 and October 2019, 142 patients aged 18 years and over who underwent SWL for proximal ureteral stones were retrospectively evaluated. Age, sex, body mass index, stone laterality, stone size and volume (π×1/ 6×length×width×height), stone-skin distance, stone density, hydronephrosis degrees, number of SWL sessions, reasons for re-admission, and final success results were evaluated. The stone size determined on CT<4 mm was defined as successful SWL treatment. Other interventional procedures were performed to unsuccessful SWL patients, and final success rate was determined. Complications were classified according to Clavien-Dindo classification.
RESULTS: Age, BMI, laterality of the stone, degree of renal ectasia, number of SWL sessions, and stone-skin distance did not contribute to SWL success (p>0.05). Factors affecting ESWL success include male gender, stone size, stone volume, and stone density; stone-skin distance and degree of renal ectasia were found to affect final success (p<0.05). Complications were more frequent in the unsuccessful group (p<0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Stone volume, size and density of stone in proximal ureter stones are among the factors af-fecting the SWL success. The final success rate can be increased after additional interventions performed in the necessary situations of SWL, which is a minimally invasive procedure.

INTRODUCTION: To examine the treatment success and the factors affecting the treatment success in patients with chronic viral hepatitis C.
METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted by scanning the files of patients with chronic viral hepatitis C, who were followed in Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology outpatient clinics. Demographic and clinical characteristics (presence of hepatomegaly or splenomegaly, comorbidity treatment protocols, and side effects) were examined.
RESULTS: 418 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 48.4 (min: 27-max: 76) years. 40.4% (n=169) of the patients were male. Fifty patients had hepatomegaly and 45 had splenomegaly. While 79.9% of the patients had no comorbid disease, 13.4% had diabetes, 5.3% had thyroid dysfunction, and 1.4% had both. Hepatocellular carcinoma was observed in 4 patients, cirrhosis was observed in 29 patients, and side effects were observed in 33 patients. Four patients received ribavirin, 32 patients received classical interferon, 13 patients received pegylated interferon, 69 patients received classical interferon+ribavirin, 297 patients received pegylated-interferon+ribavirin, and three patients received classical in-terferon+ribavirin+pegylated-interferon. Of the patients, 12 resulted in “exacerbation under treatment,” 14 with “partial response,” 89 with “relapse,” 124 with “no response,” and 179 with “sustained virologic response (SVR).” Overall, the most successful results were obtained in patients treated with pegylated interferon+ribavirin. In univariate comparisons, younger age, absence of splenomegaly, and absence of cirrhosis were significant in patients with SVR. In multivariate analysis, combined therapy was found to be independently significantly successful among patients with SVR.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In our study, the response rate of patients to interferon-based treatment was 42.8%, while young age, female gender, and absence of organomegaly were determined as factors that increased this rate, and according to multiple analyses, it was determined that combined treatment alone was effective on SVR independently.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate effect of diabetic retinopathy and panretinal photocoagulation on retrobulbar blood flow to-gether with systemic factors.
METHODS: 62 Type 2 diabetic patients who either received or did net receive panretinal photocoagulation for variable stages of retinopathy and 15 control patients were enrolled in our study. BUN, creatinine and HbA1c levels for each subject have been determined. The ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity values were measured with color Doppler ultrasonography and resistivity indices were calculated.
RESULTS: In diabetic group, lower blood flow velocities and higher resistivity indices were found in ophthalmic artery. There were no significant differences between the laser photocoagulation group and the preproliferative-proliferative retinopathy group as regards to blood flow velocities. BUN and creatinine levels increased with the stage of retinopathy. HbA1c levels were especially low in no retinopathy group with respect to others but there was no direct relation with the blood flow velocities.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In diabetic patients retrobulbar blood flow velocities seems to decrease with the progression of retinopathy. Panretinal photocoagulation has no significant effect on these parameters. HbA1c levels seem to be related to stage of retinopathy.

INTRODUCTION: Several widely employed criteria have been developed to determine indications for brain computed tomog-raphy (CT) in adult patients, such as the New Orleans Criteria and the Canadian CT Head Rule. However, a subgroup analysis of these criteria with appropriate sensitivity has not been performed in elderly population, and their reliability for this popu-lation is controversial. Therefore, there is a need for new studies that can predict intracranial injury (ICI) in elderly population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of the site of trauma and size of scalp hematoma in determining ICI in the population aged over 65.
METHODS: This prospective, observational study was conducted over approximately 3 years in the emergency department of a tertiary training and research hospital. Consecutive patients aged over 65 with minor head trauma were included in the study. In these patients, the area of head trauma, presence of scalp hematoma, and whether the size of the hematoma differed between patients with ICI and patients without ICI were calculated statistically. ROC curves were drawn to test the success of hematoma in differentiating patients with and without ICI. The two proportions t-test was used in the comparison of areas with head trauma.
RESULTS: Of the 405 patients included in the study, 27 had ICI. The mean scalp hematoma diameter among the patients with ICI was 68±25 mm, compared to 16±21 mm in patients without ICI, and the difference was significant (p<0.001). A hematoma diameter of 29.5 mm in the frontal and parietal region, 48 mm in the occipital region, and 35 mm in the temporal region exhibited 100% negative predictive value in terms of ICI. The risk was higher in the temporal region compared to the frontal 22% (−0.223 [−0.375; −0.071]), occipital 15% (0.150 [−0.009; 0.311]), and parietal 20% 0.201 (0.044; 0.358) regions.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In patients over 65 years of age with minor head trauma, the location and size of the scalp hematoma can be a useful parameter to predict ICI and can be used as a parameter to determine the indication for brain CT in this population.

INTRODUCTION: Lower back pain is one of the most common complaints in the general population, with approximately 25% of the population experiencing lower back pain at least once in life. Of these individuals, approximately, 10% seek medical help. Facet-origin pathologies are one of the most important causes of lower back and hip pain.
METHODS: Therefore, in cases not responding to medical treatment, facet joint blockages are used as an effective method. In this study, a retrospective examination was made of the results of facet joint blockages applied in our clinic between July 2013 and August 2018 to 175 cases thought to have facet-origin lower back pain. The patients were evaluated with the Weishaupt score before the procedure and with Visual Analog Scale (VAS) values before and after the procedure.
RESULTS: The VAS scores decreased from 7.4±0.6 preoperatively to 4.1±0.7 postoperatively in Grade 1 patients, from 7.6±0.7 to 3.8±0.6 in Grade 2 patients and from 7.5±0.7 to 3.7±0.7 in Grade 3 patients. In all three groups, the difference between pre- and post-operative values was determined to be statistically significant (p<0.05). No significant correlation of the effect of the Weishaupt grade on the blockage (p>0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Facet joint blockage was seen to provide a significant improvement in patients with the com-plaint of lumbago and increased comfort, but there was not determined to be any significant importance of the facet joint grade before blockage and there was no effect on the treatment outcome.

INTRODUCTION: ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood group antigens play a role in the etiology of many diseases. The aim of this study is to determine their effects (the effects of these antigens) on the development of osteoporosis.
METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed all patients, who underwent kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral corpus fractures between May 2014 and October 2019 in Balikesir University Hospital. Age, gender, fracture levels, T-scores, visual analog scale scores, oswestry disability index scores, and blood groups were taken from the hospital data system and recorded for each patient. The data of blood group distribution among the study patients were compared with the data of healthy individuals in the same region.
RESULTS: ABO blood groups results were not statistically significant in terms of the risk of developing osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVFs). “Rh positive” blood type is associated with a high incidence of OVFs (91.5%) and the “Rh negative” blood group has the least association with OVFs (8.5%). Comparison of healthy controls with the OVF group revealed that Rh pos-itive patients were at higher risk of OVF development. (p=0.026).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The findings of this study show that in addition to environmental and genetic factors, Rh blood antigen is also effective in the development of osteoporosis.

INTRODUCTION: Bibliometric studies are important for the evaluation of academic productivity. The aim was to investigate the academic productivity of cardiologists working as university faculty members in Turkey in terms of the number of publica-tions, number of citations, and h-indices, and to examine the relationship of these metrics with academic title and gender.
METHODS: Cardiologists working as a professor, associate professors, assistant professors, and lecturers in cardiology depart-ments in universities in Turkey were determined using the Council of Higher Education Academic Search platform. A num-ber of publications and citations, and h-indices of the cardiologists were obtained from the Scopus database.
RESULTS: Data from 760 cardiologists were analyzed in the study. Eighty-four percent of the cardiologists were male (n=639). Of the cardiologists, 51.1% were professors (n=388), 21.6% were associate professors (n=164), 23.4% were assistant professors (n=178), and 3.9% were lecturers (n=30). Associate professor ratio in women (12.4%) was about half of that in men (23.3%). There were significant differences among the titles with regard to the total number of publications and citations, and the h-indices (all p<0.001). The median number of publications and citations, and h-index was highest among professors, while they were followed by associate professors in all three variables. There was no significant difference between the assistant professors and lecturers in terms of all metrics (p>0.05). In comparisons by gender, the number of publications and citations, and the h-indices was significantly higher in male associate and assistant professors than in female counterparts (p<0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Academic productivity of cardiologists working in cardiology departments at universities in Turkey is presented using the metrics of number of publications and citations, and h-indices. It was determined that aca-demic productivity increases as the title increases. Most of the cardiologists were male. The academic productivity of male cardiologists among associate and assistant professors was higher than their female counterparts.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the perinatal outcomes of the cases followed up in our clinic for Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP).
METHODS: In this study, the medical records of 71 patients who applied to Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital, Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic between April 2015 and March 2021 and were diagnosed with ICP were analyzed retro-spectively.
RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 28.9±4.8 years. At the time of diagnosis, the mean week of gestation was 31.9±2.4 weeks, and the mean week of gestation at birth was 36.7±1.5 weeks. It was determined that 20 (28.2%) of the patients had preterm birth before 37 weeks of gestation. The gestational week at the time of diagnosis was found to be statistically signifi-cantly lower in patients who had preterm birth (30.5±1.7) compared to those who did not (32±2.5) who did not have preterm birth (p: 0.025). When the correlation analysis was performed, a statistically significant negative correlation was found between the gestational week at the time of diagnosis and preterm birth (p=0.024, r=−0.268).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although ICP is a benign condition for the mother, it can cause significant complications in the fetus. Therefore, early diagnosis and active management are essential in reducing adverse complications related to ICP.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this retrospective study was to provide whether there was a difference regarding pre-opera-tive inflammatory markers between typical and atypical hippocampal sclerosis (HS).
METHODS: For this purpose, 44 patients who underwent epilepsy surgery due to drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy were included. Pre-operative neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and platelet counts as well as neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-monocyte ratio, and systemic immune-inflammation index) were noted from pe-ripheral blood tests.
RESULTS: Although the majority of inflammatory markers showed higher levels in typical HS, no significant differences were found. None of the markers studied showed a correlation with the degree of neuronal loss.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although no differences between typical and atypical HS were demonstrated, there was a trend to increase in the levels of some inflammatory markers in typical HS which is severe form of neuronal loss compared to atypical HS and further studies with larger cohort of retrospective and preferably prospective are needed.

INTRODUCTION: Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency affect many systems other than bone and mineral metabolism. In our study, the relationship between the frequency of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and Vitamin D levels was investigated.
METHODS: The records of patients who applied to our pediatric outpatient clinic between 2015 and 2016 and were diag-nosed with URTI were evaluated retrospectively. A total of 430 cases whose Vitamin D levels were measured were included in the study. The number of URTIs of patients in the past 1 year was recorded and they were divided into three groups ac-cording to their Vitamin D levels. Serum 25 (OH)D levels were considered adequate between 20 and 100 ng/ml, insufficient between 12 and 20 ng/ml, and deficient if <12 ng/ml, and the relationship with these levels and the diseases was evaluated.
RESULTS: Our study included 225 (52.3%) females and 205 (47.7%) males between the ages of 0 and 18. The Vitamin D level of 15.3% of the children was below 12 ng/ml (Group 1), 32.2% of them were between 12 and 20 ng/ml (Group 2), and 52.5% of them were between 20 and 100 ng/ml (Group 3). In our study, the annual mean frequency of URTI was 1.95 in the first group, 2.12 in the second group, and 1.75 in the third group. The frequency of URTI was found to be statistically significantly lower in the group with Vitamin D levels 20–100 ng/ml, compared to the group with <20 ng/ml (p<0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The frequency of URTI was found to be significantly lower in children with adequate Vitamin D levels compared to other groups. It can be thought that providing Vitamin D supplementation in children with insufficient and deficient Vitamin D levels will have a positive effect on many systems, as well as reducing the frequency of URTI.

INTRODUCTION: Erectile dysfunction (ED) in men is a complication associated with diabetes mellitus (DM), which has become an important public health issue in both emerging and developed countries. ED threatens the well-being of patients. There-fore, identifying and controlling risk factors at an early stage is vital to prevent serious consequences and burden of this dis-ease. This study was aimed to evaluate prediabetic risk factors in patients diagnosed with ED in the urology outpatient clinic.
METHODS: A total of 40 volunteers diagnosed with ED in the 25–65 age group and 40 healthy volunteers with the same de-mographic characteristics, were included in the study. HbA1c levels were examined routinely in all volunteers participating in the study.
RESULTS: HbA1c levels were found to be 5.94±1.12 in the patient group and 5.23±0.56 in the healthy control group and were found to be statistically significantly higher in the patient group (p<0.001). A moderate negative correlation was found be-tween HbA1c and ED scoring in the patient group (r=−0.574, p=0.000).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In this study, it was found that HbA1c level was associated with the risk of prediabetes in patients diagnosed with ED. Therefore, HbA1c levels should be examined regularly as a diabetes risk factor in patients diag-nosed with ED.

INTRODUCTION: Sacrococcygeal teratomas (SCT) are the most common germ cell tumors. The incidence of voiding dysfunc-tion is high in children with SCT and its origin is usually neurogenic. Pelvic innervation of the type and degree of teratoma is known that may cause undesirable effects on urinary continence.
METHODS: In this study, a complete urological examination including urinary microscopy, abdominal ultrasound, voiding cystourethrography, and urodynamic study was performed in 11 patients who were operated for SCT in the neonatal and infancy period between 1996 and 2004.
RESULTS: Three of our patients had Type I, six had Type II, and two had Type III tumors. Recurrence occurred in four patients during follow-up. Hydronephrosis was found as unilateral in two and bilateral in two patients. In urodynamic studies, we found low bladder compliance in four patients, detrusor sphincter dyssynergia in five patients, unstable detrusor contraction in five patients, and neurogenic bladder sphincter dysfunction in one patient.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant relationship between the teratoma stage and urinary pathological findings and continence. The data about those who had problematic surgery, the type and number of the procedures, presence of invasion, the size of the tumor, recurrence, and undoubtedly the surgeon’s technique have suggested that they are the effective factors in the occurrence of complications. The study suggests that the urodynamic studies should be per-formed alongside other studies in patients with SCT.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the study was to evaluate the results of ptosis surgery.
METHODS: Various surgical methods were applied to 60 eyes of 51 patients who were decided to be operated primarily on the basis of levator function (LF). Patients who were followed for a minimum of 3 months and a maximum of 41 months were evaluated retrospectively.
RESULTS: Sixty eyes of 51 patients were included in the study. A total of 91.6% successful results were obtained, with a distri-bution as follows: 100% in Fasanella-Servat procedure and aponeurosis surgery, 85.7% in frontalis suspension, and 91.6% in levator resection surgery.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: LF is important in determining the surgical method. Success rate is high in patients with good LF. Eyelid adjustment during surgery and early post-operative readjustment increase success.

Excess production of free light chains is due to underlying plasma cell dyscrasia or a lymphoproliferative disease. When the degrada-tion capacity by proximal tubule is exceeded as a result of overproduction, the excess light chains produced reach the distal tubule and cause accumulation, causing deterioration in kidney functions. Although this condition, called cast nephropathy, is most seen in multiple myeloma, it may also be associated with Waldenström macroglobulinemia and lymphomas.